• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.367-376
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• 1997

The effect of an organic peroxide, t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP), on glutamate uptake was studied in synaptosomes prepared from cerebral cortex. t-BHP inhibited the $Na^+-dependent$ glutamate uptake with no change in the $Na^+-independent$ uptake. This effect of t-BHP was not altered by addition of $Ca^{2+}$ channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem and nifedipine) or $PLA_2$ inhibitors (dibucaine, butacaine and quinacrine). However, the effect was prevented by iron chelators (deferoxamine and phenanthroline) and phenolic antioxidants (N,N'-diphenyl-phenylenediamine, butylated hydroxyanisole, and butylated hydroxytoluene). At low concentrations (＜1.0 mM), t-BHP inhibited glutamate uptake without altering lipid peroxidation. Moreover, a large increase in lipid peroxidation by $ascorbate/Fe^{2+}$ was not accompanied by an inhibition of glutamate uptake. The impairment of glutamate uptake by t-BHP was not intimately related to the change in $Na^+-K+-ATPase$ activity. These results suggest that inhibition of glutamate uptake by t-BHP is not totally mediated by peroxidation of membrane lipid, but is associated with direct interactions of glutamate transport proteins with t-BHP metabolites. The $Ca^{2+}$ influx through $Ca^{2+}$ channel or $PLA_2$ activation may not be involved in the t-BHP inhibition of glutamate transport.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

Bax, a pro-apoptotic member of Bcl-2 family proteins, plays a central role in the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Apoptotic signals induce the translocation of Bax from cytosol into the mitochondria, which triggers the release of apoptogenic molecules such as cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing factor, AIF. Bax-inhibiting peptide(BIP) is a cell permeable peptide comprised of five amino acids designed from the Bax-interaction domain of Ku70. Because BIP inhibits Bax translocation and Bax-mediated release of cytochrome C, BIP suppresses Bax-dependent apoptosis. In this study, we observed that BIP inhibited staurosporine-induced neuronal death in cultured cerebral cortex and cerebellar granule cells, but BIP failed to rescue granule cells from trophic signal deprivation-induced neuronal death, although both staurosporine-induced and trophic signal deprivation-induced neuronal death are dependent on Bax. These findings suggest that the mechanisms of the Bax activation may differ depending on the type of cell death induction, and thus BIP exhibits selective suppression of a subtype of Bax-dependent neuronal death.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.7-18
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• 2019

목적 : 경두개 직류 자극과 강제 유도 운동 치료의 결합된 중재를 적용한 뇌졸중 환자의 회복과 관련된 연구 동향을 알아보고, 중재 계획 시, 도움이 될 수 있는 정보 및 근거를 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구방법 : 전자 데이터베이스 PubMed, NDSL 등을 이용하여 2009년 1월부터 2018년 12월까지 10년간 온라인 데이터에 등록된 논문을 검색하였다. 주요 검색어로 'Transcranial direct current stimulation' or 'tDCS', 'Constraint-induced movement therapy' or 'CIMT', 'Upper extremity function', 'Upper limb', 'Stroke'을 혼용하여 사용하여 본 연구의 선정기준과 배제기준에 부합하는 6편의 논문을 최종 선정하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 경두개 직류 자극의 적용 전류의 세기, 적용시간 등과 강제 유도 운동 치료의 프로토콜은 다양한 방법으로 이루어져 있었지만, 경두개 직류 자극 직 후 CIMT를 시행하는 중재 절차는 동일하게 시행되었다. 중재 효과를 알아보기 위해 상지기능, 일상생활동작, 대뇌피질 활성도 평가 등이 사용되었다. 경두개직류 자극과 강제 유도 운동 치료의 결합된 중재는 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능과 일상생활동작 개선에 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며, 대뇌피질의 활성화에도 유의미한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 경두개 직류 자극과 강제 유도 운동 치료의 결합된 중재 적용에 필요한 정보 제공 및 근거를 마련하였다. 추후 연구를 통해, 경두개 직류 자극의 자극시간과 전류의 세기, 전극의 부착 위치 등에 대한 일반화가 필요할 것이며 가장 적절한 강제 유도 운동 치료 프로토콜을 사용하여 큰 모집단을 대상으로 장기간 추적 관찰을 포함한 무작위 대조군 실험연구가 필요하다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2013

Objects : Baicalein is a major bioactive flavonoid component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi that shows a wide range of biological activities, including neuroprotections and anti-inflammatory actions. Hence it is a potential therapeutic material for the treatment of neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigated the modulatory effect of baicalein on neuroinflammation. Method : Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA), COX-2 mRNA expression and microglial activation in the brain tissue is induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in C57BL/6 mice. Baicalein was treated orally with 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg 1 hour prior to the LPS (3 mg/kg, i.p.) injection. TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNA expression in the brain tissue was measured by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method. Iba1 expression in the brain was measured by western blotting method. Microglia was observed with immunohistochemistry. Results : Baicalein 30 mg/kg significantly attenuated the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNA in the brain tissue. Baicalein 20 mg/kg significantly attenuated the expression of IL-6 mRNA in the brain tissue. Baicalein 30 mg/kg significantly attenuated the expression of Iba1 protein expression in the brain tissue. Baicalein 30 mg/kg significantly decreased the number and cell size of microglia in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamic region and the area percentage of Iba1-expressed microglia in the hippocampus. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that baicalein attenuates LPS induced neuroinflammation in the mice via reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6), COX-2 mRNA expression and microglial activation.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 1999

목적 : 후두엽의 허혈성 경색환자에서 시각피질의 기능적 자기공명영상의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 후대뇌동맥의 시각파절 부위에 대한 혈류공급 장애로 인하여 시각피질의 허혈 또는 경색 증후를 보이는 환자 4명을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자는 안과적 시야검사를 받았으며 자기공명 혈관조영술(n=4)과 디지털 감산 혈관조영술(n=2)을 시행하여 혈관이상을 확인하였다. 기능적 자기공명영상은 2D-FLASH 기법(TRITE = 90/56 msec, TA = 8.32 see, $FOV{\;}={\;}240{\times}240,{\;}matrix{\;}No.={\;}64{\times}128$, slice thickness = 8mm)을 이용하였으며 초당 8 회로 점멸하는 적색 광자극원을 이용하여 5회의 광자극기간과 5회의 휴식기간을 번갈아 8차례, 총 40회의 검사를 시행하였다. 기능적 자기공명영상 소견을 안과적 시야검사 결과, 고식적 자기 공명영상 결과, 혈관조영술 결과와 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : 기능적 자기공명영상에서는 모든 환자가 혈관조영술에서 혈관이상을 보인쪽의 시각피질의 활성화가 이루어지지 않는 소견을 보였다. 그러나 이중에 2 환자는 고식적 자기공명영상이 정상이었다. 시야결손이 3 환자에서 관찰되었는데 이중 한 환자는 고식적 자기공명영상과 확산 자기공명영상에셔 정상소견이었지만 기능적 자기공명영상에서는 시야결손이 있는 쪽의 시각피 질의 촬성화가 이루어지지 않는 소견을 보였다. 결론 : 시각피질의 기능적 자기공명영상은 안과적 시야검사, T2강조영상 또는 확산강조명영상에서 발견되지 않는 시각피질의 허혈 또는 혈류잠재능 감소 상태를 감지할 수 있는 민감한 검사 방법이라고 생각된다.효율적이고 강력한 QA 도구로 자리 잡을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.지하였으며 폐사율은 각각 1.9%, 1.9%, 2.9%와 1.0%로써 대조군의 4.8%에 비하여 낮은 수준을 보여 질병에 대한 저항능력이 향상되었다.kg/h로 분석되었다. 6. 건조작업 중에 소요되는 전력은 9.5~19.3 Wh/kg이었으며, 연료효율 6.9~9.3kg-$H_2$O/L와 열효율 50.2~65.1%에 의한 수분증발량은 124.0~125.4 kg-$H_2$O/h 로 나타났다. 7. 건조기의 열효율을 70%를 기준으로 평가한다면, 시작기의 열효율은 조금 낮은 수준이며, 열관리 계통의 개선을 필요로 하였다. 8. 제작된 계분건조기의 시작기를 15,000수 규모의 양계농장에서 사용한다면 관행의 계분처리 방법에 비하여 약 590,700(원/월)의 비용을 절감할 수 있을 것으로 추정되었다}0.09\;ml/1.5\;hr)$. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)는 ethanol의 혈중농도(血中濃度)가 높을수록 더 심(甚)한 혈압강하작용(血壓降下作用)을 나타내며, ethanol 로 인(因)한 이뇨작용(利尿作用)도 ethanol 량(量)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 뇨량(尿量)도 증가(增加)함을 보여 주었다.ults showed that the overall quality of Sullungtang significantly decreased as the parity increased for Hanwoo cows. The Sullungtang extracted from bones of heifer had the best sensory scores as well as nutritional quality when compared

• 감성과학
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 공간 과제 수행 시 21%의 산소 농도와 30%의 고농도 산소 공급이 변연계의 활성화에 어떠한 변화를 유발하는지 관찰하였다. 총 8명의 오른손잡이 남자 대학생을 본 연구의 실험 참여자로 선정하였다. 공간 과제를 수행하는 동안 3T MRI 를 이용하여 뇌기능 영상을 획득하였다. 실험은 21%의 일반 공기 중의 산소 농도와 30%의 고농도 산소를 각각 공급하면서 공간 인지 과제를 수행하는 두 개의 회기로 구성된다. 변연계를 대상이랑(cingulate gyrus), 시상(thalamus), 변연엽(limbic lobe), 시상하부(hypothalamus), 해마(hippocampus), 해마방회(parahippocampa gyrus), 편도(amygdala), 유두체(mammilary body)의 8 개의 영역으로 분리하여 뇌 활성화 영역을 비교하였다. 공간 과제 수행 시 두 가지 산소 농도에 따른 변연계의 활성화 영역은 거의 동일하였다. 그러나 21%의 산소 농도에 비해 30%의 고농도 산소 공급 시 대상이랑(cingulate gyrus)과 시상(thalamus) 영역에서 활성화가 증가하였다. 즉, 30%의 고농도 산소 공급 시 공간 인지 수행 능력의 증가는 공간 인지 처리와 관련이 있는 대뇌 피질 뿐만 아니라 시상(thalamus)과 대상이랑(cingulate gyrus) 같은 피질하 영역에서의 신경 활성화의 증가와도 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.159-174
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• 2002

Objective : The meridian theory in oriental medicine explains that each acu-point has a characteristic functional effect. It will be supposed that an acupuncture stimulation on different acu-point evokes different activation on different areas in the central nervous system(CNS) according to the meridian theory. On this supposition, our group tried the semi-quantitative [14C]2-deoxyglucose([14C]2-DG) autoradiography on the acupuncture stimulation to the hindlimb acu-points of Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : A venous catheter for the intravenous administration of isotope was equipped in the right external jugular vein on 3 days prior to the [14C]2-DG study. On the day of the study, two acupuncture needles were inserted into the ST36(Zusanli) or LR3(Taichong) on the left hindlimb. Electro-acupuncture stimulation (2 Hz, 5 ms, 1~3 mA, 15 minutes) started just before the i.v. injection of [14C]2-DG ($25{\mu}Ci/rat$). The brain and the spinal cord were removed and processed for the [14C] 2-DG autoradiography. Results : The EA stimulation on ST36 reveals over 120% metaboilc activation in Arcuate nucleus, Anterior pretectal nucleus, Dorsal cochlear nucleus, Interposed cerebellar nucleus, and Nucleus of Darkschewitsch. The EA stimulation on LR3 reveals over 120% metaboilc activation in Lateral habenula nucleus, Medial vestibular nucleus, Ventromedial thalamic nucleus, Anteroventral thalamic nucleus, Anterior cingulate cortex, Dentate gyrus, Antero cortical amygdaloid nucleus, Anterior pretectal nucleus, and Dorsal tegmental nucleus compared with the non EA stimulation control group. Conclusion : These results demonstrate that the different acu-points evoke the different activations in brain areas. And with this functional brain mapping study, a new scientific elucidation for the basis of the acupuncture-meridian theory in oriental medicine through differences of activated area in CNS according to the each acupuncture point.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.157-162
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• 2018

This study is a search for radiation protection effects of radiation exposure on the organogenic period during the prenatal period, which is known to be the most likely to have congenital malformations by radiation exposure. To study the radiation protection for the mixture of selenium that is strong antioxidant and folic acid that is essential vitamin for DNA synthesis, 2 Gy of radiation was irradiated to pregnant female rats. then, after 14 days of fetal birth, observing blood components, SOD(Superoxide Dismutase), histological changes and external malformations. There was a significant protective effect to reduce blood cell damage(p<0.05) in the irradiation group after selenium and folic acid mixture were administered than irradiation group, and the activation of SOD which is antioxidant enzymes was increased. In addition, confirmed the effect of suppressing the expression of apoptosis of small intestinal cells and the reduction of cerebral cortex layer reduction by radiation. thus, it was confirmed that the congenital malformations were reduced as a result of these protective effects. Based on these results, selenium and folic acid mixture may reduce the incidence of congenital malformations, and it will reduce the damage of the fetus caused by the exposure of the organogenic period due to accidents.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2015

Objectives : Brain inflammation early activates the microglia and activated microglia secrete a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Kaempferol, which is a flavonoid in Cuscutae Semen, shows a wide range of physiological activities, including neurons protection and anti-inflammatory actions through inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study examined the modulatory effect of kaempferol on cytokines [tumor necrosis factor- alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$), interleukin-1beta ($IL-1{\beta}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression and microglia activation in the brain tissue of the mouse. Methods : Kaempferol was administered orally three doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg respectively, once 1 hour before the lippolysaccharide(LPS) (3 mg/kg, i.p.) injection. Brain tissue was removed at 4 hours after LPS injection. Cytokines and COX-2 mRNA expression in the brain tissue was measured by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Iba1 expression was calculated by western blotting method. Microglia was observed with immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemistry stained microglia was analyzed by using ImageJ software. Results : Kaempferol 20 and 30 mg/kg was significantly attenuated the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA. Kaempfrol 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg significantly attenuated COX-2 mRNA expression in the brain tissue. Kaempferol 30 mg/kg significantly suppressed the increase of Iba1 protein expression by LPS. Kaempferol 30 mg/kg significantly decreased the number of microglia in the cerebral cortex and the number and cell size of microglia in the hypothalamic region and the area percentage of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1(Iba1)-expressed microglia in the hippocampus. Conclusions : This results indicate that kaempferol plays an anti-inflammatory role in the brain.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 2006

Neuron-derived orphan receptor (NOR-1) is a member of the thyroid/steroid receptor superfamily that was originally identified in forebrain neuronal cells undergoing apoptosis. In addition to apoptotic stimuli, activation of several signal transduction pathways including direct neuronal depolarization regulates the expression of NOR-1. In this study we tested whether the expression of NOR-1 is changed following transient ischemic injury in the adult rat brain. NOR-1 mRNA increased rapidly in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation and piriform cortex 3 h after transient global ischemia and returned to basal level at 6 h. On the other hand, oxygen-glucose deprivation of cultured cerebral cortical neurons did not alter the expression of NOR-1. These results suggest that expression of NOR-1 is differentially regulated in different brain regions in response to globally applied brain ischemia, but that hypoxia is not sufficient to induce its expression.