• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Safety performance of a new car is evaluated through USNCAP and their results in the star rating are provided to the consumers. It is very important to obtain high score of USNCAP to appeal their performance to consumers. Therefore the car companies have made the effort to improve their car safety performance. These efforts should satisfy the demand not only to get high score but also to pass the FMVSS, NHTSA regulations on safety. Huge numbers of car crash tests have been conducted on these bases by car companies. However physical tests spend too much cost and time, as an alternative way, the simulation on the car crash could be a solution to reduce the cost and time. Therefore the simulations have been widely conducted in car industry and various researches on this have been reported. In this study, restraint system had been optimized to minimize the injury of female passenger. Belted $5^{th}%ile$ female frontal crash test was selected from various test methods of USNCAP for the study. Initial velocity of the test was 56km/h. The combination injury probability of USNCAP was selected as an objective function and the injury limit value, which was defined in FMVSS, was set to an optimization constraint. Many researches that were similar to this study had been conducted, however most of them had limitation that interaction between airbag and safety belt had not been considered. Contrary to these researches, the interaction was considered in this study.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.595-602
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• 2013

As a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system in animals, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has several physiological functions, such as anti-hypertensive, diuretic, tranquilizer and anti-stress effects in human. In order to determine strains with high GABA producing ability and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity, 273 bacteria were isolated from various types of Kimchi. Strain K255 contained $386.37{\mu}g/mL$ of GABA in MRS broth containing 1% MSG, $600.63{\mu}g/mL$ of GABA in MRS broth containing 2% MSG and $821.24{\mu}g/mL$ of GABA in MRS broth containing 3% MSG. It showed that K255 had the highest GABA production ability compared to other commercial lactic acid bacteria. K255 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum based on its API carbohydrate fermentation pattern and 16S rDNA sequence. K255 was investigated for its physiological characteristics. The optimum growth temperature of K255 was $37^{\circ}C$and cultures took 13 h to reach the pH 4.4. K255 showed more sensitive to bacitracin in a comparison of fifteen different antibiotics, and showed most resistance to kanamycin and vancomycin. Moreover, it was comparatively tolerant to bile juice and acid and displayed resistance to Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, with rates of 30.8%, 29.7%, and 23.4% respectively. These results demonstrate that K255 could be an excellent strain for the production of functional products.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.288-296
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• 1992

This paper describes an improved 2D QPS(quadrature polar separable) filter design and its applications to texture processing. The filter kernel pair consists of the product of a radial weighting function based on the finite PSS (prolate spheroidal sequences) and an exponential at tenuation function for the orientational angle. It is quadrature and polar separable in the frequency domain. It is near optimal in the energy loss because we let the orientational angle function approximate the radial weighting function. The filter frequency characteristics is easy to control as it depends only upon the design specifications such as the bandwidth, the directional angle, the attenuation constant, and the shift constant of the central frequency. Some applications of the filter in texture processing, such as the generation of the texture image, the estimation of orientation angles, and the segmentations for the synthetic texture image, are considered. The result shows that the filter with the wide bandwidth can be used for the generation of discrimination of the strong orientational textures and the segmentation results are good.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.95-104
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• 2010

One of 21st century's main paradigms is a 'Culture', and people started to express their 'cultural desires and demands' regarding public environments. Accordingly central and local governments are paying attention to these demands from their citizens and trying to establish the policies to meet these needs. This research is done to suggest the strategy programming model to support the executions of culture-centered public designs which are based on the local resources and identities. The entire research contains three sub-topics. First topic is setting the prototype phases of strategy programming. Second topic is analyzing the associated indices for each prototype phase. Third topic is suggesting Matrix Model in which the prototype phases and their associated indices are linked. Among three topics, this paper deals with the first one - the prototype phases of strategy programming. It studies this subject in relation with Place Marketing which emphasizes the local resources and identities. The prototype phases are comprised of 3 steps for Place Strategy and 4 steps for Marketing Strategy. Place Strategy should be considered prior to Marketing Strategy because in culture-centered public design, locality has priority over other concerns. The phases for Place Strategy includes 'Resource_analyzing of local resources', 'Mission_setting a purpose', and 'Targeting_segmenting target groups'. The phases for Marketing Strategy involves 'Organization_instituting the main body and/or partnership', 'Image Positioning_setting an unique local image', 'Point_realizing the product', and 'Channel_deciding the sales promotion tools'.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.70-97
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• 1995

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the trend of urbanization and population distribution in North Korea. Although North Korean data lack comparable details, attention has been given to the comparison of urban system between North and South Korea. In North Korea, the pace of urbanization was most rapid just after the Korean War, from 1954 to 1960. However, the pace slowed down markedly in the early 1970s and has remained sluggish since then. North Korea is currently much less urbanized than South Korea. As specific features of urbanization in North Korea, emergence of new cities along inland borders, prominence of intermediate-sized cities, and sudden population growth of major cities due to boundary expansion are stressed. Available demographic data also indicate an overwhelming primacy of Pyongyang Municipality in the urban system, and rapid growth of satellite cities in the west-central region. It appears that, in North Korea, urbanization process has been a product of the government's development policies rather than individual's socioeconomic motivation to migrate urbanward. Finally, migration issues after unification of the Korean Peninsula and related problems are discussed in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.153-161
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• 2008

Agriculture and forest are basis for livelihood in Nepal while both sectors constitute around 40 percent of the national product and over two-thirds of the economically active population is dependent on agriculture. However, radical changes in land use, depletion in crops production and food availability are major threats due to loss of soil fertilityand severe environmental degradation. In this study, we used time series data from 1986/87 to 2005/06 about food crop production and population published by Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives and Central Bureau of Statistics. Descriptive statistics and ArcGIS were used to assess and map the food security status of Nepalese Terai based on the local food demand and supply system. Food supply to demand ratio(FSDR) was the main idea of assessment. Our results showed that out of 20 districts, only 8 districts were categorised under secured food districts whereas 5 districts were still under food unsecured situation. The analysis further revealed that 7 districts had faced food deficit more than 8-16 times during the last 20 year periods. Data further showed that there was surplus food supply relative to the requirements dictated by FSDR. However, the average FSDR was less than 1.2(less than 20% surplus) exploring fact that most of the districts were not producing sufficient food to cope up the food shock and after 1995 it was relatively stagnant. Our prediction reveals that food supply in Terai even in the future would remain at almost the same level as now, and there will not more than 16-17% surplus by 2021 considering medium vibrant population growth. The findings thus, indicate that Terai may not be a food secure region in the future, even though the region is considered as a food storage house of Nepal. In addition, this paper suggests ways to make future comprehensive case studies more widely comparable in Terai, Nepal.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2017

Sulfur-containing amino acids play important roles in good flavor generation in Maillard reaction of non-enzymatic browning, so aqueous model systems of glucosamine and cysteine were studied to investigate the effects of reaction temperature, initial pH, reaction time, and concentration ratio of glucosamine and cysteine. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the independent reaction parameters of cysteine and glucosamine in Maillard reaction. Box-Behnken factorial design was used with 30 runs of 16 factorial levels, 8 axial levels and 6 central levels. The degree of Maillard reaction was determined by reading absorption at 425 nm in a spectrophotometer and Hunter's L, a, and b values. ${\Delta}E$ was consequently set as the fifth response factor. In the statistical analyses, determination coefficients ($R^2$) for their absorbance, Hunter's L, a, b values, and ${\Delta}E$ were 0.94, 0.79, 0.73, 0.96, and 0.79, respectively, showing that the absorbance and Hunter's b value were good dependent variables for this model system. The optimum processing parameters were determined to yield glucosamine-cysteine Maillard reaction product with higher absorbance and higher colour change. The optimum estimated absorbance was achieved at the condition of initial pH 8.0, $111^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, 2.47 h reaction time, and 1.30 concentration ratio. The optimum condition for colour change measured by Hunter's b value was 2.41 h reaction time, $114^{\circ}C$ reaction temperature, initial pH 8.3, and 1.26 concentration ratio. These results can provide the basic information for Maillard reaction of aqueous model system between glucosamine and cysteine.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.873-878
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• 2008

Doosan Mecatec has developed alignment system for Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) display production using large size substrate. In the present article, The alignment system between the substrate and the mask, which is a core technology for producing the OLED product using the fourth-generation substrate with $730{\times}920mm^2$ or more, will be described by dividing into a substrate loader, a magnet unit, a CCD camera, etc. The substrate loader is optimized through the simulation where the central portion of the substrate droops by about 1.5mm by clamping each of a long side (920mm direction) and a short side (730mm direction) thereof by 6 point and 4 point. A magnet unit using a sheet type of rubber magnet is constituted and a CCD camera model with the specifications capable of minimizing the errors between a clear image and the same image is selected. The system to which an upward evaporation technique of small molecular organic materials will be applied has been developed so that repeatability and position accuracy becomes ${\pm}1{\mu}m$ or less using an UVW type of stage. Also, the vision accuracy of the CCD camera becomes ${\pm}1{\mu}m$ or less and the align process TACT becomes 30sec. or less so that the final alignment accuracy between the substrate and the mask becomes ${\pm}3{\mu}m$ or less. In order to meet an extra-large glass substrate, an evaporation system using an extra-large AMOLED substrate has been developing through a vertical type of an alignment system.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2004

Two galloyl monosaccharides, 1,2,6-trigalloylglucose (1, TRgG) and 1,2,3,6- tetragalloylglucose (2, TEgG), were isolated from the stem-bark of Juglans mandshurica. Two galloylglucoses showed cytotoxic effects on human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. In order to elucidate their mechanism of action, we have investigated the flow cytometric analysis after Annexin V-FITC and PI staining, caspase-3 activity, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells. HL-60 cells treated with both compounds 1 and 2 at 150 and $100\;{\mu}M$, respectively, led to a morphological features of apoptosis, such as plasma membrane blebbing and cell shrinkage. TRgG (1) and TEgG (2) increased the percentage of $FITC^+\;and\;FITC^+PI^+$ cells in flow cytometry after Annexin V-FITC and PI staining. The increase of apoptotic cells was preceded by the activation of caspase-3 reported to play a central role in apoptotic process and inducing internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. TEgG (2) showed to have stronger apoptosis inducing activity in HL-60 cell lines as compared with TRgG (1).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2009

Purpose: Numerous investigators demonstrated that adaptative changes were induced by motor skill acquisition in the central nervous system. We investigated the changes of neuroelectric potential following motor learning with serial reaction time task in young healthy subjects, using electroencephalography (EEG). Methods: Twelve right-handed normal volunteers were recruited, who have no history of neurological dysfunction and were given to written the informed consent. All subjects were assigned to flex to extend the wrist joint or flex the thumb for pressing the matched button as quickly and accurately as possible, when one of five colored lights was displayed on computer screen (red, yellow, green, blue, white). EEG was measured, whenfive types simulations ware presented randomly with equal probabilities of 20% in total 200 times at the pre and post test. And they were scheduled for 30 minutes practice session during two consecutive days in the laboratory. Results: The results showed that the reaction time at the post test was significantly reduced, compared to one of the pre test in serial reaction time task. In EEG map analysis, the broaden bilateral activation tended to be changed to the focused contralateral activation in the frontoparietal area. Conclusion: These findings showed that acquisition of motor skill led to product more fast motor execution, and that motor learning could change cortical activation pattern, from the broaden bilateral activation to the focused contralateral activation. Thus we concluded that the adaptative change was induced by motor learning in healthy subjects.