• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

During wartime, the Air Force have to plan where, and how much, and what need to be distributed to surrounding local area from a chosen central bases. Each base, which has surplus more than needed amount of a certain material collected from near area of the base, is expected to distribute such surplus to other bases in shortage of it. By sending such surplus to other bases in shortage of the material, every base may get sufficient amount of all kinds of materials needed for each base during wartime. Because number of items of materials needed in each military bases during wartime are usually quite large and the frequencies of delivery from a place to other place are also pretty large if each item is delivered from a surplus place to other places in shortage, the Head Quarter of Air Force or the Logistics Command will face to difficulty to decide a reasonable delivery plan between bases for efficient and fast allocation of all materials needed to all bases during wartime. Therefore, this study suggests a solving algorithm with an established TC (transfer center: collecting and distributing center for all materials) to solve such a distribution and transportation problem.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.589-602
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• 1998

Mt. Nam (265m), a city park of Seoul, was originally covered with a typical deciduous broad-leaved forests in Central Korea. However, the park forests have been changed the development for various purpose such as the construction of castle wall, road way, broadcasting station, theater, hotel and apartments, in addition, to thoughtless plantation or alien plant introduction. Human population growth from ca. 100 thousands persons less in that time established Seoul as the capital of choseon dynasty in 1394 to ten millions over persons at present, accelerated the vegetational changes of the park. mt. Nam boundary in those days of sunjong (1908) also was much shrinked as much the range of 300 m distance in the northern most to 700 or 800m distance in some places. The actual vegetation of Mt. Nam largely can be classified by floristic composition into two plant communities of Quercus mongolica community and Pinus densiflora community, four plantations of Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Populus tomentiglandulosa and other tree species, and on mixed forest with native and alien tree species in secondary succession stage (Yim et al. 1987). The restoration movement of Mt. Nam toward to the natural condition of forest or biodiversity is moving now. However, in the movement there are some problems such as the lack of ecological consideration and the undesirable decision of priority in the practice. A warning should be given, especially, on the undesirable plantation of non-native tree species restricting the forest succession, as in the case of southern slope of Mt. Nam. First of all, the most importance in Mt. Nam management is that the restoration for natural forest and biodiversity should be carried on the basis of integrated ecological principles based on the site evaluation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2008

We have detected the slime mold, Diachea leucopodia (GNU06-10) in a strawberry greenhouse located in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongnam. Typical fruiting bodies had developed gregariously on the strawberry leaves, petioles, and plant debris on ground soil habitat, and also surprisingly on plastic pipes and a vinyl covering. Field samples were examined via stereomicroscopy, light microscopy, and SEM for the determination of morphological characteristics. Dark-brown to black spores formed gregariously within the stipitate cylindrical sporangium, and were covered by an iridescent peridium, which may be intact at maturity, or may have disintegrated. The upper portion of the peridium generally breaks up to expose the spores, whereas the lower portion was usually persistent. The results of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) analysis showed that lime was present in the stalk and columella but absent from the spores, capillitium, and peridium. The above characteristics confirm its taxonomic position in the genus Diachea. However, this genus is intermediate in character between the Physarales and Stemonitales of the Myxogastromycetidae. Hence, this genus had been classified as a member of the Stemonitales until the mid-1970's, on the basis of its iridescent peridium and noncalcareous capillitial system, similar to Comatricha of the Stemonitaceae. By way of contrast, emphasis on morphological characteristics, most notably the calcareous stalk and typical columella, places Diachea within the order Physarales. The presence of a phaneroplasmodium during the trophic stage and lime deposition in its sporophores, as was confirmed in this work, supported the inclusion of Diachea in the Physarales, and the noncalcareous capillitial system verified its identification as a member of the Didymiaceae. Further characteristics of the species D. leucopodia include the following: phaneroplasmodium, spore globose 7.5 ${\mu}m$ in diameter, very minutely roughened; sporangia $500{\mu}m\times1mm$, more or less cylindrical, gregarious, stalked 1.2mm; stalk and columella white.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.427-432
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• 2019

Objectives: In Indonesia, 61 million adults smoked in 2018, and 59 million were exposed to secondhand smoke at offices or restaurants in 2011. The Presidential Decree 109/2012 encouraged local governments to implement a smoke-free policy (SFP), and the city of Jayapura enacted a local bill (1/2015) to that effect in 2015. This study aimed to evaluate compliance with this bill and to explore challenges in implementing it. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study. Quantitatively, we assessed compliance of facilities with 6 criteria (per the bill): the presence of signage, the lack of smoking activity, the lack of sale of tobacco, the lack of tobacco advertisements, the lack of cigarette smoke, and the lack of ashtrays. We surveyed 192 facilities, including health facilities, educational facilities, places of worship, government offices, and indoor and outdoor public facilities. Qualitatively, we explored challenges in implementation by interviewing 19 informants (government officers, students, and community members). Results: The rate of compliance with all 6 criteria was 17% overall, ranging from 0% at outdoor public facilities to 50% at health facilities. Spatial patterning was absent, as shown by similar compliance rates for SFP facilities within a 1-km boundary around the provincial and city health offices compared to those outside the boundary. Implementation challenges included (1) a limited budget for enforcement, (2) a lack of support from local non-governmental organizations and universities, (3) a lack of public awareness at the facilities themselves, and (4) a lack of examples set by local leaders. Conclusions: Overall compliance was low in Jayapura due to many challenges. This information provides lessons regarding tobacco control policy in underdeveloped areas far from the central government.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.55-66
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to review the research on Gangbang Palace and to presume the location of the palace through the study of feng shui. when the Mongols invaded, Ganghwado was the capital, moved from Gaegyeong and it was maintained for 39 years. At that time, the palace construction followed the palace of Gaegyeong, and the names such as Gujeong毬庭, Palace, and Sasa寺社 were the same as those of Gaegyeong. However, despite several archaeological excavations at Goryeo Palace Site, Historic Site No. 133, no actual remains of the Goryeo period were found. After the negative opinions on the current Goryeo Palace site became public, there have been several previous studies on the estimation of the location of the Goryeo Palace Site, and although there have been achievements, the location of the Goryeo Palace is still not confirmed. The key to presuming the location of the GangdoPalace江都宮闕 is first, whether the palace was located in the south of Songaksan, and second, at what point it was located in the south of Songaksan. As to whether the palace was located in the south of Songaksan, it was presumed that the Chiso治所 of Ganghwabu was located in Gukhwari, referring to the record in 『Shinjeungdongguknyeojiseungnam新增東國輿地勝覽』 that Goryeosan, a guardian mountain鎭山, was 'five ri west of Bu府西五里'. Accordingly, the location of the palace of 'Budongsimni 府東十里' in the old literature was estimated to be south of Songaksan Mountain. Also, the location of the palace on the south side of Songaksan was approached from a feng shui theory. Three places for the palace to be located are presumed to be 'Ganghwa Girls' High School', 'Seonggwang Church', or 'Above the Ganghwa-gun library', and the central axis of the palace is estimated to be 'Above the Ganghwa-gun library' where the corridor-type building relics were found among them, and the other two areas were presumed to be other buildings within the palace.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.371-379
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• 2022

The environment in Kosovo is a topic of concern for the citizens and the state because of the temperatures that affect the health of the citizens and the climate around the world. Kosovo's climate is related to its geographical position. Stretching in the middle latitude, Kosovo's climate depends on the amount of heat coming from the Sun, the proximity of the Adriatic Sea, the Vardar valley, the openness to the north. In order to better understand the climatic features of Kosovo, one must know the elements of the climate such as: sunshine, temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, winds. The Meteorological Institute of Kosovo is responsible for measuring temperatures in Kosovo since 2014 and until now 12 meteorological stations have been operationalized with automatic measurement and real-time data transfer to the central system for data collection and archiving. The hydrometeorological institute lacks an application for measuring temperatures in all the countries of Kosovo. Software applications are generally built to suit the requirements of different governments and clients in order to enable easier management of the jobs they operate on. One of the forms of application development is the development of mobile applications based on android. The purpose of the work is to create a mobile application based on the Android operating system that aims to display information about the weather, this type of application is necessary and important for users who want to see the temperature in different places in Kosovo, but also the world. This type of application offers many options such as maximum temperature, minimum temperature, humidity, and air pressure. The built application will have real and accurate data; this will be done by comparing the results with other similar applications. Such an application is necessary for everyone, especially for those people whose daily work is dependent on the weather or even for those who decide to spend their vacations, such as summer or winter. In this paper, comparisons are also made within android applications for tablets, televisions and smart watches.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.163-174
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• 2023

Simgok Seowon was established to honor Jo Gwang-jo, who is a scholar and politician in the mid-Joseon period. It is located in a propitious site based on Feng Shui. Its Jusan is Mugokeumseongchae(武曲金星體) with Wonhwahyul(圓窩穴), and its Ansan is Tamrangmokseongchae(貪狼木星體). It is a Jehyang(祭享)-centered Seowon that sets a Jehyang place in Hyeolcheo. Around the Sadang(祠堂), the Four gods including Jwacheongryong(左靑龍) Woobackho(右白虎), Jujak(朱雀), and Hyeonmu(玄武) protect the Hyeolcheo(穴處) well. It is a typical central axis symmetrical spatial arrangement where everything is located centered on Sawoo(祠宇). It is a type of Jeonhakhumyo(前學後廟) that arranges the main hall at the front of buildings and places the Sadang that is a Jehyang place at the back of Sadang. To the left side of the Sadang, Yeonji(蓮池) was created by applying the principles of Cheonwonjibang(天圓地方), which serves as Yusik(遊息) area with functions to adjust microclimate and to extinguish fires. Feng Shui plays an important role when determining orientation, direction, and location of the buildings. Therefore, it could be regarded as realizing the aesthetic spirit of Cheoninhabil(天人合一) to compose the Feng Shui-oriented spatial arrangement by recognizing accurately the relationship between nature and human being depending on topography, wind, water flow, and point of the compass.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.185-211
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• 2024

Southeast Asian cities like Manila, the Philippines, and Singapore have witnessed economic, political, and cultural changes over the years, especially after periods of colonization. States control their urban fabric-that is, its organization, planning, and design of cities-and thus dictate the flow of capital and forces of labor. Urban poor settlements, an offshoot of capital accumulation, are (re)moved around these cities in accordance with governing visions of development. For populations that are forced into changes brought about by urban development, practices of remembering are also controlled by dominant powers. These "monuments" are established in/as spaces to oblige an image of membership into a society ruled by such powers. Nevertheless, alternate sites of remembering counter these monumental spaces. This paper takes an interest in two novels that feature such places. Liwayway Arceo's Canal de la Reina (1972) and Suchen Christine Lim's The River's Song (2013) both figure rivers in Manila and Singapore, respectively. The eponymous river is the central axis of Canal de la Reina, entangled in class conflict and swift urban change in post-Commonwealth Manila. In The River's Song, the famous Singapore River provides a refuge for reminiscing about Singapore before the city-state's independence. Comparing these novels to what Filipino comparatist Ruth Jordana Pison calls fictional "counter-memory," we argue that their rivers remember personal and embodied experiences eliminated from hegemonic accounts of the city. Thus, they function as what we call "counter-monuments" for the urban poor marginalized in the history of the Philippines and Singapore.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.61-76
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• 1969

A review has been made of mortality trends in Korea from 1958 to 1967 analyzing the data by sex, age and cause of death. The crude death rates and age specific death rates were estimated by the model of N. Keyfitz life table which had been developed by the data of the 1960's national census. The cause specific death rates shown in this article are based on the following: all deaths occurring in the death-registration are expressed as a numberator, while the denominator was estimated from the regular national census data by interpolation method. It is estimated that only an average of about 40% of deaths which occurred during a year were registered during 1958 to 1967. The validity and the reliability of the diagnosis of causes of death seem to be extremely poor in this country. Therefore the cause specific death rates in this article are aimed to reveal trends of causes of registered death ana not for the actual level of death rates. For 10 years very interesing mortality trends were observed : 1. The trend in the crude death rates was downward slowly. 2. The estimated death rate for the infant in 1960 was still high up to 100 per 1,000. 3. The rates for mortality attributed to such infectious diseases as pneumonia, bronchitis, gastroenteritis and measles decreased an average 40-60%. 4. The death rates for over-all tuberculosis decreased only 9.8%. 90% of the decrease was contributed by those in the less-than-15 year age group. 5. The death rates for chronic diseases, such as vascular diseases affecting the central nervous system, malignant neoplasm, major heart diseases and all accidents rose about 40-60%. 6. The rank order of the 10 leading causes of death showed large changes over the years, except for pneumonia and tuberculosis which occupyed 1st and 2nd places respectively. Vascular diseases affecting the central nervous system moved from 5th to 3rd place and malignant neoplasm from 6th to 4th place, The major heart diseases moved from 10th to 6th place and all accidents from 10th to 7th place. On tile other hand, gastroenteritis moved from 3rd to 5th place and influenja from 4th to 8th place.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.17-27
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• 2018

Sinkholes have occurred in various places around the world and concerns about public safety have been raised in recent years. Particularly, a ground subsidence may occur due to a variety of conditions when developing underground spaces. Ground subsidence refers to the sinking of the Earth's surface caused by the loss of the soil constituting ground due to a certain artificial cause in the ground. Ground subsidence is induced by artificial causes such as the leakage of water supply/sewage pipes and groundwater disturbance, and it is different from a sinkhole, where the sinking of the Earth's surface is induced by the cavity formed due to the melting of limestone in the ground with limestone bedrock. In recent underground development in the urban areas of Korea, damages to surrounding buildings have frequently led to many difficulties with civil complaints and compensation issues, and the collapse of some buildings has resulted in the loss of lives and property. Accordingly, the central government has legislated the Special Act on Underground Safety Management, which will take effect from January 1, 2018. This law specifies an underground safety management system for securing underground safety, under which underground safety impact assessment is performed for projects involving underground excavation work that exceeds a certain size, and safety inspection is regularly performed for underground facilities and the surrounding ground. In this study, the contents of the special act on underground safety management are reviewed, and the direction of development of underground safety policy for preparing preemptive underground safety management preparation and response system is suggested.