• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.446-453
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• 2015

PURPOSE. To compare the push-out bond strength of feldspar and zirconia-based ceramic inlays bonded to dentin with different resin cements following simulated aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Occlusal cavities in 80 extracted molars were restored in 2 groups (n=40) with CAD/CAM feldspar (Vitablocs Trilux forte) (FP) and zirconia-based (Ceramill Zi) (ZR) ceramic inlays. The fabricated inlays were luted in 2 subgroups (n=20) with either etch-and-bond (RelyX Ultimate Clicker) (EB) or self-adhesive (RelyX Unicem Aplicap) (SA) resin cement. Ten inlays in each subgroup were subjected to 3,500 thermal cycles and 24,000 loading cycles, while the other 10 served as control. Horizontal 3 mm thick specimens were cut out of the restored teeth for push out bond strength testing. Bond strength data were statistically analyzed using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's comparisons at ${\alpha}=.05$. The mode of ceramic-cement-dentin bond failure for each specimen was also assessed. RESULTS. No statistically significant differences were noticed between FP and ZR bond strength to dentin in all subgroups (ANOVA, P=.05113). No differences were noticed between EB and SA (Tukey's, P>.05) bonded to either type of ceramics. Both adhesive and mixed modes of bond failure were dominant for non-aged inlays. Simulated aging had no significant effect on bond strength values (Tukey's, P>.05) of all ceramic-cement combinations although the adhesive mode of bond failure became more common (60-80%) in aged inlays. CONCLUSION. The suggested cement-ceramic combinations offer comparable bonding performance to dentin substrate either before or after simulated aging that seems to have no adverse effect on the achieved bond.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2013

PURPOSE. Among the surface treatment methods suggested to enhance the adhesion of resin cement to fiberreinforced composite posts, conflicting results have been obtained with silanization. In this study, the effects of silanization, heat activation after silanization, on the bond strength between fiber-reinforced composite post and resin cement were determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Six groups (n=7) were established to evaluate two types of fiber post (FRC Postec Plus, D.T. Light Post) and three surface treatments (no treatment; air drying; drying at $38^{\circ}C$). Every specimen were bonded with dual-curing resin cement (Variolink N) and stored in distilled water for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. Shear-bond strength (MPa) between the fiber post and the resin cement were measured using universal testing device. The data were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA and by multiple comparisons according to Tukey's HSD (${\alpha}$=0.05). The effect of surface treatment, fiber post type, and the interactions between these two factors were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and independent sample T-tests. RESULTS. Silanization of the FRC Postec Plus significantly increased bond strength compared with the respective non-treated control, whereas no effect was determined for the D.T. Light Post. Heat drying the silane coupling agent on to the fiberreinforced post did not significantly improve bond strength compared to air-syringe drying. CONCLUSION. The bond strength between the fiber-reinforced post and the resin cement was significantly increased with silanization in regards to the FRC Postec Plus post. Bond strength was not significantly improved by heat activation of the silane coupling agent.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.392-399
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 tricalcium silicate cement 중 하나인 TheraCal LC의 광중합 시간과 거리에 따른 중합도를 평가하는 것이었다. 금속주형을 이용해 시편을 제작하여 Vickers hardness number (VHN)를 측정하였으며, 중합시간과 조사시간에 따른 시편의 미세경도 값을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 모든 군에서 상면의 VHN이 하면의 VHN보다 유의성 있게 컸다(p < 0.05). 하면의 VHN은 모든 중합거리에서 중합시간이 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가하였고(p < 0.05), 중합시간이 일정하고 중합거리가 4.0 mm 이상이 되었을 때 유의하게 감소하였다(p < 0.05). 또한 시편을 20초간 중합한 경우 하면의 VHN은 2를 넘지 못했으며 이는 상면의 10%에 해당하였다. 이 연구 결과에 의하면, 모든 중합거리에서 TheraCal LC 시편의 하면까지 중합하기에 20초의 광중합 시간은 충분하지 않았으며, 중합도를 높이기 위해서 중합시간의 증가와 도포 두께의 감소를 고려해볼 필요가 있다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.91-105
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• 2016

One of the most commonly used techniques to strengthen steel reinforced concrete structures is the application of externally bonded patches in the form of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) or recently, textile reinforced cements (TRC). These external patches undertake the tensile stress of bending constraining concrete cracking. Development of full-field inspection methodologies for fracture monitoring are important since the reinforcing layers are not transparent, hindering visual observation of the material condition underneath. In the present study acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) are applied during four-point bending tests of large beams to follow the damage accumulation. AE helps to determine the onset of fracture as well as the different damage mechanisms through the registered shifts in AE rate, location of active sources and change in waveform parameters. The effect of wave propagation distance, which in large components and in-situ can well mask the original information as emitted by the fracture incidents is also discussed. Simultaneously, crucial information is supplied by DIC concerning the moments of stress release of the patches due to debonding, benchmarking the trends monitored by AE. From the point of view of mechanics, conclusions on the reinforcing contribution of the different repair methodologies are also drawn.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.832-838
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of marginal microleakage of 2 light curable GI cements(Fuji II LC & VariGlass), which contain some resin components. 4 volunteers kept on acrylic resin plates, which contained dentin disks with cavities filled with test materials for 2 weeks. The time when polishing was done(5 minutes and 24 hours after filling) and the use of protective agents were varied, so 8 groups with each 6 specimens were tested. After having specimens(disks with cavities filled with materials) penetrated with 1% Methylene Blue solution, specimens were stored in 40% nitric acid solution for 4 days to extract adsorbed dye material. Supernatants of centrifuged samples were diluted 5 times and Spectrophotometer was used to determine the degree of absorption. Dye concentration was calculated through the pre-obtained Linear Regression Curve. The results were as follows. 1. The best result was seen in groups (PF24, PV24) which were protected and polished 24 hours later and the opposite phenomenon was seen in groups(NF24, NV24) which were held without protection and polished 24 hours later. Groups polished S minutes later showed moderate leakage pattern. 2. Groups polished 5 minutes later showed similar leakage amount irrespective of using of protective agent. But statistically insignificant lower values were seen in VariGlass than in Fuji II LC groups, So It was considered that VariGlass may be more resistant to early moisture attack than Fuji II LC. 3. In groups polished 24 hours later, there was no significant difference between materials but was definitely significant difference according to the use of protective agent. If the cement in which polishing will be done 24 hours later, Protective agent should be used to cover the surface.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.64-72
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• 1994

Zinc Phosphate Cement hand been used for about more than 100 years in luting of cast gold inlay. But many scientists had been trying to develop the new form of luting agent because the ZPC hand shown the lack of adhesiveness on the tooth structure and the toxicity to the pulp tissue. Recently many researches about the surface treatment of the cast body are being done to increase the adhesion of cement to it. The conventional Class I gold inlays were fabricated in the 20 permanent molars. After the internal surface of the cast body was sandblasted with $Al_2O_3$ particles and was tin-plated, the inlays were cemented with adhesive cement [G I cement and resin cement(Super-Bond & $Panavia_{EX}$)] and the evaluation on the adhesion pattern, adhesive strength and the fracture pattern of the adhesive cast gold inlay was compared to that of the cast gold inlay cemented conventionally with ZPC. The results were as follows : 1. The surface roughness of the cast body was increased significantly after sandblasting with the $Al_2O_3$ particles and the tin oxide layer, which was consisted of round particles, came into being. 2. The bond strength was in the order of Super-Bond, ZPC, Fuji I, $Panavia_{EX}$ group. The group cemented with Super-Bond showed statistically greater strength than the other groups(p<0.05). 3. The group cemented with ZPC was fallen apart by principal adhesion failure and that with Fuji I was by complete adhesion failure. But the group with Super-Bond showed pricncipal cohesive failure pattern and in the group with $Panavia_{EX}$, complete cohesive fracture pattern was shown and small protion of tooth structure was fractured out with cast body and the fractured surface showed the figure just as the enamel prism. 4. Various gaps were shown at the pulpal side regardless of little gap at the side walls of the cavity in all groups. Only the Super-Bond was attached to the tooth structure and the other cements were detached from both the tooth and the cast body.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.191-205
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of class II composite resin inlays and compare them with the conventional light-cured resin filling restorations. Class II cavities were prepared in 60 extracted human molars with which cervical margins were located below 1.0mm at the cemento-enamel junction using No. 701 tapered fissure carbide bur. All of the prepared cavities were restored as follows and divided into 6 groups. Group I and 2 were restored using direct filling technique and group 3,4,5 and 6 were restored using direct inlay technique that was cemented with dual-cured resin cements. group I: Cavities were restored with light-curing composite resin, Brilliant Lux. group 2. Cavities were restored with light-curing composite resin, Clearfil PhotoPosterior. group 3: Cavities were restored with Clearfil CR Inlay and heat treated at $125^{\circ}C$ for 7 minutes. group 4: Cavities were restored with same material as group 3 and heat treated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 15 minutes. group 5: Cavities were restored with Brilliant (Indirect esthetic system) and heat treated at $125^{\circ}C$ for 7 minutes. group 6: Cavities were restored with same material as group 5 and heat treated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 15 minutes. All specimens were polished with same method and thermocycled between $6^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$, then immersed in a bath of 2.0% aqueous solution of basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours. Dyed specimens were sectioned longitudinally and dye penetration degree was read on a scale of 0 to 4 by Tani and Buonocore's method 45). The results were as follows: 1. Microleakage was observed rather at the cervical margins than at the occlusal margins in all groups. 2. Composite resin inlay groups showed significantly less leakage than direct filling groups at the cervical margins (p < 0.001). 3. In composite resin inlay groups, there was no significant difference in microleakage between specimens by heat treating temperature and time (p > 0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in leakage between each groups at the occlusal margins (p > 0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.45-63
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• 1994

128 freshly extracted human molars were used to study the interaction between dentinal smear layer removal with various agents, and the shear bond strength of a light cured glass ionomer cement to dentin. It was proposed that the removal of smear layers using acidic cleaners followed by incorporation of Fe mordant with dentin could enhanced the infiltration of monomer component in light curing glass ionomer cement and resulted in a high bond strength. For the first treatment process for removal of smear layers on the surfaces of dentin, 50 % citric acid, 10% maleic acid and 10 % phosphoric acid were used, and for the second treatment process, 15% ferric chloride, 6.8% ferric oxalate or 30% potassium oxalate were used. Distilled water was used as a control. After double sequential treatment on dentin, a light curing glass ionomer cement was bonded to dentin. After being immersed in water at 31'C for 24 hours, shear bond strengths were measured Instron testing machine(Model No.4202, USA). Surface changes were also observed using SEM (Hitachi, S-2300, Japan) after treatment process with each agents. The following conclusions were drawn : 1. Dentin surface cleaned with maleic acid and treated with ferric oxalate showed the highest bond strength with light curing glass ionomer cement. 2. Bond strengths of glass ionomer cement to dentin treated with maleic acid or citric acid were the highest, and that treated with phosphoric acid showed the lowest. 3. The effect of ferric oxalate on shear bond strength to dentin was always higher than that of ferric chloride. 4. The smear layers were clearly removed and the orifices of dentinal tubules were opened widely by the citric acid, maleic acid and phosphoric acid. 5. The orifices of dentinal tubules opened after using the first solution were closed with the treatment of ferric chloride. 6. The precipitate like crystals were formed on dentin surfaces and tubules, but a significant decrease in bond strength of glass ionomer cement to dentin surface treated with potassium oxalate.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.144-151
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 고비용의 실리카흄의 대체재로서 인산부산석고와 카올린을 활용한 시멘트매트릭스의 화학적, 기계적 성질에 대하여 분석하였다. 실험을 위하여 인산부산석고는 이수석고 형태인 건조석고, 반수석고, III형 무수석고, II형 무수석고로 실험용시료를 제조하였으며, $900^{\circ}C$에서 소성된 카올린은 서냉과 급냉의 형태로 제조된 메타카올린의 형태로 제조하였다. 또한 이재료를 활용하여 혼합시멘트를 제조하였으며, 제조된 시멘트를 사용하여 실리카 흄을 혼입한 시멘트 매트릭스와 재료적 성능을 비교 평가하였다. 실험결과 급냉 제조된 메타카올린이 다른 재료에 비하여 성능이 우수한 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2010

최근 들어 대형 해양콘크리트 구조물의 건설이 빈번해짐에 따라 콘크리트의 염화물이온확산계수를 정확히 평가할 필요성이 대두되고 있으나, 콘크리트의 염화물이온 확산계수 평가는 장시간이 소요되는 단점 때문에 전기화학적인 전위차 촉진에 의해 단시간에 염화물이온의 확산계수를 추정하기 위한 여러 촉진 시험방법들이 제안되고 있으나 이에 대한 체계적인 연구가 아직은 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 시멘트의 성분이 다른 3종류의 시멘트를 대상으로 대표적인 3가지 전기적인 촉진시험에 의해 콘크리트중의 염화물이온의 침투 및 확산특성을 평가하고 이 방법간의 상관성을 분석하였다. 평가결과 시멘트의 성분에 따라 염화물이온의 확산특성은 크게 달라졌으며, 그 중 고로 슬래그 미분말과 플라이애시를 일정비율로 혼합한 3성분계 시멘트의 확산특성이 가장 우수하였으며, 염화물이온 확산 특성은 결과로부터 시험방법간의 상관성은 양호한 것으로 나타났다.