• 임산에너지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2000

α-Cellulose를 페놀 및 황산과 1: 6.2 : 0.05(g/g㎖)의 비율로 혼합하여 질소기류 하에서 180℃에서 60분의 액화 처리한 후 변호된 셀룰로오스의 성분분석을 GC-MS에 의하여 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 셀룰로오스의 액화율이 98.8%로 높은 것으로 보아 상당히 저분자화 된 것을 알 수 있었다. 셀룰로오스 액화물 중의 13.6%인 페놀함유량은 용매로 투입된 페놀의 양보다 매우 적은데 이는 액화 생성된 화합물의 구조 중에 hydroxyphenly기나 phenyl기가 존재하는 것에서 셀룰로오스는 액화시 산 촉매에 의하여 C-C, C-O 결합의 일부 개열함과 동시에 페놀과 반응하기 때문이라 판단된다. 약 54%인 12개 셀룰로오스 액화물의 구조를 분석하였으며, 그 중 양적으로 많은 양이 검출된 물질은 phenol핵이 주종을 이루는 2,2\`-methylenebisphenol, 4,4\`-methylene-bisphenol, 3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl-2\`-hydroxyphenylmethane, 1-methoxy-4-(2-phenylethenyl) benzene, (e)-2,4\` dihydroxystilbene, 1-phenyl-1-(4\`-hydroxy) phenyl methanol, p-isopropylphenol 등이 검출되었다. 황산 촉매에 의하여 셀룰로오스는 액화과정에서 탈수반응 후 열분해 되어 셀룰로오스링이 끊어져 생성된 중간체들이 용매인 phenol과 치넌자 치환반응을 일으켜 phenol 화합물들을 많이 생성한다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.415-424
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• 2006

한국 재래산양에서 분리된 Neocallimastix sp NLRI-3을 이용하여 기질의 종류에 따른 미생물의 성장 특성 및 효소단백질의 발현양상을 비교하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 혐기배지에 glucose, starch, 볏짚, filter paper, CMC, sigmacell, xylan 및 xylose를 0.2% 수준으로 첨가하여 배양하였다. 배양결과 가스 발생량은 96시간대에서 filter paper 배지에서 가장 높았고 CMC배지에서 가장 낮게 조사되었다(P<0.05). 곰팡이 포자 발생량은 72시간대에서 살펴보면 처리구들 중 볏짚 배지에서 가장 높게 나타났다 (P<0.05). 곰팡이가 분비하는 enzyme activity는 보통 72시간대 이후부터 급격히 증가함을 보이는데 CMCase의 경우에 filter paper disc, sigmacell, xylose에서 활성이 높게 나타났다. xylanase 역가는 starch, rice straw, sigmacell에서 높게 나타났다. Zymogram을 이용하여 각 효소단백질의 발현을 분석한 결과 효소단백질의 발현양상은 전 처리구에 걸쳐 유사하였으나 발현정도는 기질의 종류에 따라 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, zymogram 결과에 의해 6개의 CMCase와 4개의 xylanase가 검출 되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 혐기성 곰팡이의 효소단백질은 배양액에 존재하는 기질의 종류에 의해 발현정도가 영향을 받음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 산업적으로 이용 가능한 혐기곰팡이 유래 효소제의 개발에 필요한 배양조건의 결정에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2009

Final purpose of this study was designed to develop the quality control(QC) sample for proficiency analytical testing of asbestos. This study consisted of two parts; first, development of manufacturing apparatus and sample preparing procedure for asbestos quality control(QC) sample: second, validation of the QC samples made by our developed method as asbestos proficiency analytical testing sample. The main results of the first part research are as followed We developed the apparatus for manufacturing the asbestos QC sample, consisted of filter hold, filter holder manifolder, vacuum system, and vacuum pump. The most proper filter of making the QC samples was a cellulose ester membrane filter with 25 mm diameter, pore size 0.8 um. And we presented the optimal procedure for preparing the asbestos QC sample by using the developed apparatus. We will verify the manufactured asbestos QC samples by this method, and present the validation results to confirm the reliability as a asbestos QC sample in next paper.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.941-946
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• 2001

The effects of various concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFA; caprylic, capric and stearic acids) on the growth of the anaerobic fungus, Neocallimastix frontalis C5-1 isolated from the rumen of a Korean native goat were investigated. At higher concentrations of fatty acids (0.1%, w/v), the addition of SFA strongly decreased filter paper (FP) cellulose digestion and polysaccharide-degrading enzyme activity. The sensitivity of the rumen anaerobic fungus to the added fatty acids increased in the following order: caprylic ($C_{8:0}$)>capric($C_{10:0}$)>stearic($C_{18:0}$) acid, although stearic acid had no significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effects at any of the concentrations tested. However, the addition of SFA at lower concentrations (0.01 and 0.001% levels), did not inhibit FP cellulose degradation and enzyme activity. Furthermore, although these parameters were slightly stimulated by the addition of SFA, they were not statistically different from control values. This is the first report examining the effects of fatty acids on anaerobic gut fungi. We found that the lower levels of fatty acids used in this experiment were able to stimulate the growth and specific enzyme activities of rumen anaerobic fungi, whereas the higher levels of fatty acids were inhibitory with respect to fungal cellulolysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1110-1117
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• 2001

Responses of the rumen fungus, Neocallimastix frontalis RE1, to long chain fatty acid (LCFA) were evaluated by measuring gas production, filter paper (FP) cellulose digestion and polysaccharidase enzyme activities. LCFA (stearic acid, $C_{18:0}$; oleic acid, $C_{18:1}$; linoleic acid, $C_{18:2}$ and linolenic acid, $C_{18:3}$) were emulsitied by ultrasonication under anaerobic condition, and added to the medium. When N frontalis RE1 was grown in culture with stearic, oleic and linoleic acid, the cumulative gas production, gas pool size, FP cellulose digestion and enzymes activities significantly (p<0.05) increased at some incubation times(especially, exponential phases of fungal growth, 48~120 h of incubation) relative to that for control cultures. However, the addition of linolenic acid strongly inhibited all of the investigated parameters up to 120 h incubation, but not after 168 and 216 h of incubation. These results indicated that stearic, oleic and linoleic acids tended to have great stimulatory effects on fungal cellulolysis, whereas linolenic acid caused a significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effects on the cellulolysis by the rumen fungus. These results are the first report of the effect of LCFAs on the ruminal fungi. Further research is needed to identify the mode of action of LCFAs on fungal strains and to verify whether or not ruminal fungi have ability to hydrate unsaturated LCFAs to saturated FAs. There was high correlation between cumulative in vitro gas production and fungal growth (94.78%), FP cellulose degradation (96.34%), CMCase activity(90.86%) or xylanase activity (87.67%). Thus measuring of cumulative gas production could be a useful tool for evaluating fungal growth and/or enzyme production by ruminal fungi.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권7호통권87호
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• pp.983-989
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• 2007

Auxin, siderophore, 그리고 cellulase를 동시에 생산하는 생물방제균주 B. licheniformis Kll을 식물병원성진균을 대상으로 균사 성장억제능을 확인결과 6종의 식물병원성 진균에서 균사체 성장억제능을 확인하였으며, 그 중에서 토마토 시들음병을 유발하는 F. oxysporum(KACC 40037)에 가장 강력한 억제능을 나타내었다. 그리고 본 균주가 생산하는 항진균성 siderophore이외에 세포벽이 cellulose로 구성된 P. capsici의 cell wall을 분해하는 cellulase를 생산하는 것을 추가적으로 확인하였다. 뿐만아니라 B. licheniformis Kll은 nutrient broth(pH 8.0), $30{\circ}C$에서 96시간 배양시 토마토 시들음병에 대한 항진균 활성이 가장 높았고, 이는 cellulase의 활성과 sideropore의 최대 생산조건과는 상이하였다. 또한 탄소원과 질소원으로 starch와 urea를 각각 첨가시 항진균성 활성이 가장 높았고, 이 역시는 cellulase의 활성과 항진균성 siderophore의 최대 생산조건과 일치하지 않았다. 그리하여 본균주 B. licheniformis Kll은 식물성장촉진 물질은 auxin, 항진균성 siderophore와 cellulase를 생산함과 동시에 또 다른 강력한 항진균성 물질을 생산하는 것을 추가로 확인하였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 수계 미세플라스틱의 주오염원으로 보고되고 있는 버려진 담배꽁초로부터 필터를 선별하고, 필터의 원료물질인 셀룰로오스 아세테이트를 고순도 추출하여 효율적인 재활용공정을 개발하고자 하였다. 담배꽁초로부터 필터 선별 공정을 습식과 건식으로 구분하여 각 공정별 최적 선별조건을 도출하고, 선별된 필터로부터 셀룰로오스 아세테이트를 추출하여 재활용 가능성 및 선별공정별 효율을 평가하였다. 습식교반선별 인자로는 고액비, 교반속도, 교반온도를 고려하였다. 습식교반선별 효율은 고액비 1:45, 교반속도 200rpm, 교반온도 50℃에서 선별효율이 46.21%로 가장 높게 분석되었다. 건식풍력선별 인자는 함수율과 체류시간을 고려하였다. 필터 선별효율은 함수율 20%, 체류시간 5분에서 선별효율이 57.10%로 가장 높았다. 셀룰로오스 아세테이트의 회수율은 습식교반선별에 의한 필터에서 48.68%, 건식풍력선별공정에서 47.68%로 두 공정의 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 건식풍력선별의 선별효율이 57.10%로 습식교반선별에 비하여 10.89% 높으며, 습식교반선별의 경우 교반 후에 발생하는 폐수와 폐기물, 교반 및 가열 시 필요한 에너지를 고려하였을 때 건식풍력선별이 환경 및 에너지 요구량 측면에서 더 유리한 공정으로 판단된다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette filter on in vitro cytotoxicity of cigarette mainstream smoke from the cigarette. In this work, we used 3 types of cigarettes included non-filtered 2R4F cigarette, cellulose acetate-filtered 2R4F cigarette, and carbon dual-filtered 2R4F cigarette which was made from original 2R4F by replacing with an acetate filter containing carbon. The cytotoxicity of both the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), which was collected in Cambridge filter pad, and the gas/vapor phase (GVP), which was bubbled through in phosphate-buffered saline in a gas-washing bottle, was determined using a neutral red uptake assay with CHO-K1 cells. With regard to cytotoxicity when calculated on an equal puff basis, the cytotoxicity of CSC from the filtered cigarettes was lower than that of the non filtered cigarette. Also, $EC_{50}$ vlaue of GVP from carbon filter cigarette was 40.9 puff/L, indicating the cytotoxicity to be $20\%$ lower than that of the CA filter cigarette. The cytotoxicity of the GVP was correlated to the several vapor phase components (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and MEK). In conclusion, carbon filter, which significantly reduced the amount of carbonyl compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke, results in significant reductions in the cytotoxicity potential of the smoke.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2023

This paper presents a discussion on lubricating oil filters. The maintenance of lubricating oil filters can improve the performance of mechanical systems and extend the service life of the lubricating oil. Therefore, the effective management of the lubricating oil can extend the service life of the machine and reduce maintenance costs. A representative method for managing lubricating oil is filtering the lubricating oil using a lubricant filter. However, effectively managing a lubricating oil using a lubricant filter requires an understanding of the related knowledge. In this paper, we present the definition, classification, characteristics, specifications, performance, and self-cleaning function of lubricating oil filters. The lubricant filters are classified based on the filter material, filtering method, filtering location, and amount of filtered fluid. Cellulose and glass fiber materials are conventionally used as materials for lubricant filters, and recently, metal materials, which show excellent durability, are being increasingly adopted. The filtering methods can be classified into physical, chemical, magnetic, and electric field methods, and the lubricant filters can be classified according to their location in the lubrication system. The beta ratio and efficiency of the lubricant filter can be determined based on the performance of the filter. Finally, there are many products or technologies that add a self-cleaning function to the filter to remove foreign substances or contaminants for efficient management.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1990

In order to obtain the fundamental informations on cellulase of Trichoderma viride QM 9414 for its production and utilization, some physico-chemical properties of the enzyme were reviewed. When T. viride QM 9414 was cultured on wheat bran medium, filter paper-disintegrating and carboxymethyl cellulose-saccharifying activity were increased with the cell growth, and thereafter CMC-saccharifying activity was kept on almost the same leved while filter-paper disintegrating activity was decreased sharply. And B-glucosidase was formed maximally on the late stationary phase of growth. The crude cellulase of cell-free extracts was purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, Sephadex-G 200 column chromatography and DEAE Sephadex A-50 column chromatography. Filter paper-disintegrating, CMC-saccharifying and B-glucosidase activity were purified 10-fold, 47-fold and 38-fold, respectively. The crude enzyme was proved to be a complex of three different enzyme proteins which were showing filter paper-disintegrating, CMC-saccharifying and B-glucosidase activity. The optimal pH of the three enzyme components was alike pH 4.0, and the optimal temperature for CMC-saccharifying, filter paper-disintegrating and B-glucosidase activity were 4$0^{\circ}C$, 45$^{\circ}C$ and 5$0^{\circ}C$ respectively. The Km and Vmax values of CMC saccharifying activity for CMC were 0.485% and 3.10, and the Km and Vmax vallues of B-glucosidase for PNPG were 0.944$\times$10-3M and 0.097, respectively. The Km and Vmax values of filter paper-disintegrating activity for Avicel were determined to be 0.09% and 0.178, respectively. B-Glucosidase activity was competitively inhibited by glucose, and the Ki value for this enzyme was 3.54$\times$10-3M, CMC saccharifying activity was found to be greatly inhibited by cellobiose.