• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.283-289
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• 1989

In order to measure in vitro cell mediated immunity in the guinea pigs sensitized with the killed bacilli of Mycobacterium bovis ($AN_5$), M avium (serotype 2), M tuberculosis and M intracellulare (serotype 8), leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test was established using the antigens of purified protein derivatives (PPD) tuberculin. By using LAI test, specificity of cell-mediated immune responses of the guinea pigs inoculated with various Mycobacterium spp was investigated, and comparison between values of LAI and skin test was also made to evaluate the specificity of the newly designed test. The results obtained throughout the experiments were summarized as follows; 1. The optimal concentration of PPD antigens for LAI test was 1 to 2mg per ml of medium. 2. When the leukocytes of guinea pigs sensitized with both M bovis($AN_5$) and M avium (serotype 2) for 2 to 8 weeks were incubated with homologous or heterologous PPD antigens, mean values of LAI test were $61.2{\pm}11.2$ and $65.6{\pm}5.1%$ in homologous PPD antigens respectively, while $30.0{\pm}3.7$ and $32.8{\pm}5.7%$ in heteNlogous PPD antigens, showing the prominently high value of LAI in the homologous syst,em (p<0.01). 3. When the leukocytes of guinea pigs sensitized with both M tuberculosis and M intracellulare (serotype 8) for 2 to 8 weeks were incubated with homologous and heterologous PPD antigens, mean values of LAI test were $67.9{\pm}2.9$ and $66.9{\pm}5.0%$ in homologous PPD antigens, while $27.4{\pm}7.4$ and $24.4{\pm}7.1%$ in heterologous PPD antigens, showing the prominently high value of LAI in the homologous system (p<0.01). 4. Comparing with the specificity of LAI and skin tests on the basis of the value obtained from the homologous system, deviation of reaction was revealed to be 49.5 to 100.2 in LAI test, and -15.9 to 52.0 in skin test.

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.583-589
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• 2002

The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 is a cytoplasmic-transcription factor that is phosphorylated by Janus kinases (Jak) in response to interferon $\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$). The phosphorylated STAT1 translocates to the nucleus, where it turns on specific sets of IFN-$\gamma$-inducible genes, such as the interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1. We show here that gamma irradiation reduces the IFN-$\gamma$ mRNA expression. The inhibition of the STAT1 phosphorylation and the IRF-1 expression by gamma irradiation was also observed. In contrast, the mRNA levels of IL-5 and transcription factor GATA-3 were slightly induced by gamma irradiation when compared to the non-irradiated sample. Furthermore, we detected the inhibition of cell-mediated immunity by gamma irradiation in the allogenic-mixed lymphocytes' reaction (MLR). These results postulate that gamma irradiation induces the polarized-Th2 response and interferes with STAT1 signals, thereby causing the immunosuppression of the Th1 response.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 1989

Cell-mediated and humoral immune reactions in mice infected with pathogenic Acanthamoeba culbertsoni were observed according to the period of time after amoebic infection by intranasal inoculation. The degrees of blastogenesis of spleen cells induced by mitogens, which were measured using radioactive [$^3H$]-thynndine, were compared between infected and non-infected control groups. The mitogens used in this blastogenesis experiment were concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS). On the other hand, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was employed for the detection of humoral antibodies against A, culbertsoni. The levels of blastogenesis of splenocytes and strum litres in the experimental group showed increasing tendency a week after inoculation of A. cuzberiseni, although there was no difference between the experimental and control groups in other periods of the experimental time.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.580-592
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• 2020

Background: Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng (thereafter called ginseng) has been used as a medicinal herb for thousands of years to maintain people's physical vitality and is also a non-organ-specific cancer preventive and therapeutic traditional medicine in several epidemiologic and preclinical studies. Owing to few toxic side effects and strong enhancement on body immunity, ginseng has admirable application potential and value in cancer chemoprevention. The study aims at investigating the chemopreventive effects of ginseng on cutaneous carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The mouse skin cancer model was induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for identifying various ginsenosides, the main active ingredients of ginseng. Comprehensive approaches (including network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experimental verification) were used to explore the potential targets of ginseng. Results: Ginseng treatment inhibited cutaneous carcinoma in terms of initiation and promotion. The content of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd ginsenosides was the highest in both mouse blood and skin tissues. Ginseng and its active components well maintained the redox homeostasis and modulated the immune response in the model. Specifically, ginseng treatment inhibited the initiation of skin cancer by enhancing T-cell-mediated immune response through upregulating HSP27 expression and inhibited the promotion of skin cancer by maintaining cellular redox homeostasis through promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Conclusion: According to the study results, ginseng can be potentially used for cutaneous carcinoma as a chemopreventive agent by enhancing cell-mediated immunity and maintaining redox homeostasis with multiple components, targets, and links.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.1137-1147
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• 2004

In this paper, we proposed two types of adaptive control mechanism which is named HIA(Humoral Immune Algorithm) PID and CMIA(Cell-Mediated Immune Algorithm) controller based on biological immune system under engineering point of view. The HIA PID which has real time control scheme is focused on the humoral immunity and the latter which has the self-tuning mechanism is focused on the T-cell regulated immune response. To verify the performance of the proposed controller, some experiments for the control of AGV which is used for the port automation to carry container without human are performed. The experimental results for the control of steering and speed of an AGV system illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. Moreover, in that results, proposed controllers have better performance than other conventional PID controller and intelligent control method which is the NN(neural network) PID controller.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2001

Objectives: This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effects of PSM(polysaccharide of mushroom) on the immune activity. Methods: The following were performed; Immunotoxicity testing for immunopathology, IgO production & LPS mitogen response for humoral immunity, DTH, ConA mitogen response for cell-mediated immunity, and macrophage adherence & phagocytosis for nonspecific immunity in vitro or in vivo. Results: PSM showed a protective effect on cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia, increased IgG production and lymphoproliferative responses to LPS; inhanced DTH and lymphoproliferative response Con A; and activated macrophage adherence and phagocytosis to SRBC. Conclusions: It is suggested that PSM can be used for cancer patients with immunosuppression and adapted to many other diseases.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.323-333
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• 2015

As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to persistently changing stresses and have to be able to interpret and respond to them. The stresses, drought, salinity, chemicals, cold and hot temperatures, and various pathogen attacks have interconnected effects on plants, resulting in the disruption of protein homeostasis. Maintenance of proteins in their functional native conformations and preventing aggregation of non-native proteins are important for cell survival under stress. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) functioning as molecular chaperones are the key components responsible for protein folding, assembly, translocation, and degradation under stress conditions and in many normal cellular processes. Plants respond to pathogen invasion using two different innate immune responses mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or resistance (R) proteins. HSPs play an indispensable role as molecular chaperones in the quality control of plasma membrane-resident PRRs and intracellular R proteins against potential invaders. Here, we specifically discuss the functional involvement of cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) HSPs/chaperones in plant immunity to obtain an integrated understanding of the immune responses in plant cells.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.827-836
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• 2001

The PID controller has been widely applied to the most control systems because of its simple structure and east designing. One of the important points to design the PID control system is to tune the approximate control parameters for the given target system. To find the PID parameters using Ziegler Nichols(ZN) method needs a lot of experience and experiments to ensure the optimal performance. In this paper, CMIA(Cell Mediated Immune Algorithm) controller is proposed to drive the autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) more effectively. The proposed controller is based on specific immune responses of the biological immune system which is the cell mediated immunity. To verify the performance of the proposed CMIA controller, some experiments for the control of steering and speed of that AGV are performed. The tracking error of the AGV is mainly investigated for this purpose. As a result, the capability of realization and reliableness are proved by comparing the response characteristics of the proposed CMIA controllers with those of the conventional PID and NNPID(Neural Network PID) controller.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.263-268
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• 2017

${\beta}$-Agarase cleaves the ${\beta}$-1,4 linkages of agar to produce neoagarooligosaccharides (NAO), which are associated with various physiological functions. However, the immunological functions of NAO are still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that ${\beta}$-agarase DagA-produced neoagarohexaose (DP6), an NAO product, promoted the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). DP6 directly and indirectly enhanced the activation of natural killer (NK) cells in a TLR4-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the antitumor activity of DP6 against B16F1 melanoma cells was inhibited in NK cell-depletion systems by using NK-cell depleting antibodies in vivo. Collectively, the results indicated that DP6 augments antitumor immunity against B16F1 melanoma cells via the activation of DC-mediated NK cells in a TLR4-dependent manner. Thus, DP6 is a potential candidate adjuvant that acts as an immune cell modulator for the treatment of melanoma.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 1987

Erythrosine used as a colouring agent in drugs, cosmetics and foods in Korea, was examined for its effects on murine immune system and methemoglobin formation. As immunotoxicologic assay parameters, we adopted circulating leukocytes and immunoorgan weights for pathotoxicology, IgM plaque forming cells and arthus reaction for humoral immunity, delayed hypersensitivity reaction of cell mediated immunity and carbon clearacnce for macrophage function. Erythrosine's effects were observed as follows; 1. Ery throsine showed no significant effects on circulating leulocyte counts and relative immunoorgan weight. 2. Erythrosine diminished IgM plaque forming cells. 3. Erythrosine decreased arthus reaction, in the dose dependent manner. 4. Erythrosine had no significant effect on delayed hypersensitivity. 5. Phagocytic and corrected phagocytic index were not affected. 6. Methemoglobin content was similar in the test and control groups.