• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

Morphological characteristics of hemp fiber were investigated using a light microscope in order to provide fundamental data for the use of hemp as a papermaking law material. Phloem of hemp is composed of cortical parenchyma cells and bast fiber with thick walls while xylem is composed of vessel, wood fiber and ray parenchyma cells. Also there are solitary pore and radial pore multiple which exist in diffuse porous pattern. Ray cells consist of uniseriate rays and thin walled ray parenchyma cells. Wood fibers are composed of three types: a large diameter fiber with longer length; a large diameter fiber with shorter length; a small diameter fiber with medium length. Vessel elements are composed of: a medium length one; a longer length one; the one whose both end walls have ligules or tails. Parenchyma cells in xylem and pit parenchyma cells have completely different size and shape. For bast fiber, the average length is about 4.4 mm and the width is about $30.5\;{\mu}m$; for vessel element, $600.0\;{\mu}m$ in length and $493.6\;{\mu}m$ in width; for wood fiber, $1000\;{\mu}m$ and $38.9\;{\mu}m$; for parenchyma cell, $50\;{\mu}m$ and $26.4\;{\mu}m$.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1979

The damaging effects of hemp and cotton by Aspergillus sp, and penicillum sp, which grow successfully on cotton were studied. The damages were measured after cultivated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 10 days the fabrics with Aspergillus sp,and Penicillum sp, respectically, in various conditions. The effects of cell-free extract produced from fungus were also investigated. The results of obtained could be summeried as follows : 1) Cultivation of fungi on fibre in malt extract agar was better than that in czapeck agar. 2) Tnsile strength of the fabrics was deteriortated most easily in czapeak agar at the rae of 49.8%. 3)Growth of fungi was promoted by starching the fibre but tensile strength was felled -off , however, by starching, propagation of fungi was superior on cotton to on hemp. 4) In case of hemp, propagation of fungi was inferior to in case of cotton but the tensile strength was deteriorated at the rate of 26-33%. 5) In case of starched hemp, the tensile strength was deteriorated Slowly in first 8 days, but after 8 days there was no particular change. There was no particular change of tensile strength by starching in cotton. 6) It seemed that a damage of fibre was accelerated because the fungus grow not only on the surface of fabrics but also the inner of those. 7) By treatment of cell-free produced form fungi, the tensile strength of hemp falled off at the rate of 50-65% in first 24 hours, since then the tensile strength was deteriorated slowly for 4 days, but after incubation for 4 days was not changed. But the tensile strength of cotton by cell-free extracts was not effected.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.30-35
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• 2013

To conserve wood resources for papermaking, chemical compositions of the hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast fiber cultivated in Korea such as holocellulose, ${\alpha}$-cellulose, lignin, alcohol-benzene extractives, hot and cold water extractives, and ash contents were investigated to manufacture the specialty packaging paper effectively. Significantly very low klason lignin content of 3.3% was accomplished by removing of the outer shell of bark. Laboratory soda pulping method which is very useful for the nonwood fiber was adapted, and it was found that there was no significant difference in both kappa number and H-factor between 25% and 30% NaOH charge. Hemp pulp cooked with the laboratory digester in 25% NaOH at $170^{\circ}C$ were mixed together with the wood pulp(NBKP:LBKP=1:1) in order to find the optimum mixture ratio which exhibited acceptable paper strength properties such as tensile index, burst index, and tear strength. When 10% of hemp soda pulps was mixed with 90% of wood pulps comprised of SwBKP and HwBKP (1:1), all physical strength increased significantly. The physical strength decreased as the amount of hemp pulp increased because the cell wall of bast fiber is very thick which causes low conformability and low fiber-fiber bonding. These results showed that paper made of hemp-wood pulp can be used for the specialty packaging paper which requires both the characteristic surface properties and the high physical strength of hemp fiber.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2011

Functional foods play an important role in daily diet, human health and the food industry. Hemp was reported to have many advantages for nutritional and medicinal usage. In this study, extruded hemp-rice (EHR) flour, containing 30% hemp, was mixed with the wheat flour to create bread loaves at the concentrations of 5, 10 and 15%. Bread made from 100% wheat flour (with no added EHR flour) was used as a control. The physical parameters, including expansion ratio, specific volume and crust/crumb color were evaluated separately. In addition, changes in hardness of the bread during storage at ambient temperature for 3 days were also studied. The results showed that 10%-EHR bread exhibited the highest hardness value, while 15%-EHR bread presented the lowest. The bread containing EHR flour had lower specific volume and bigger air cells compared to the control. Moreover, the crust and crumb color of EHR-containing bread was significantly darker than those of the control. In this study, the 15%-EHR bread showed higher specific volume, lower hardness and bigger air cell structures.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2018

Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) is used as a nitrogen-fixing green manure in Korea to improve soil quality, reduce soil erosion, and suppress weeds and nematodes. In 2014, wilting sunn hemp plants were observed in green manure-cultivated fields in Wanju, Korea. Leaves of the infected plants began yellowing, starting with the lower leaves, eventually leading to their death. Moreover, a number of dark perithecia were observed on the wilting stems. Six isolates were obtained from these perithecia by single spore isolation. Based on their morphological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Fusarium udum (teleomorph: Gibberella indica). Macroconidia were slightly curved with almost hooked apical cell, and microconidia were formed on false heads by monophialides. Chlamydospores were produced abundantly in the hyphae, either singly or in clusters. To confirm the identification, multilocus sequence analysis was conducted using translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF), calmodulin (CAL), and histone 3 (HIS3). The sequences of TEF, CAL, and HIS3 showed 94.4~96.2%, 99.7%, and 99.6~99.8% similarity to the reference sequences of F. udum in NCBI GenBank, respectively. Pathogenicity was tested on sunn hemp and two soybean cultivars using the inoculation method of soil drenching with spore suspension. The wilting symptoms were observed only in sunn hemp and one cultivar of soybean (cv. Teagwang) after 14~21 days of inoculation. This is the first report of wilt disease in sunn hemp caused by Fusarium udum in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.244-248
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• 1987

Attempts were made to enumerate the number of Gram positive and negative bacteria in the development of natural fermentation rapidly and simultaneously. A general Gram stain was applied to this study. The number of cells by Gram stain was proportional to the cell turbidity by spectrophotometer within a range of 0.7 absorbance at 610nm. The cells washed out during procedures were not exceeded about 8 percentage. The standard error of separate counts in the mixture of Cscherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus was $5.1\pm2.3$%. The possible range of counting was $5.5\times 10^{7}-1.0\times 10^{9}$ cells/ml. Therefore, it is believed that a general Gram stain could be applied to the separate counting of mixture of Fram positive and negative bacterial populations too. In practice, growth kinetics of hemp retting and Kimchi fermentation were presented.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the hemp (Cannabis sativa cv. Chungsam) seed structure and ultrastructure of food reserves by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We examined the seed coat and embryo consisting of a hypocotyl-radicle axis and two cotyledons. The seed coat consisted of exotesta and endotesta. The exotesta was a mechanical layer with lignified and elongated cells, while endotesta of the underlying layers of the exotesta was consisted of two separated cell layers. The collapsed outer layer of endotesta showed the unique reticulate structures. In cotyledon cells, protein and lipid bodies occupied most of cytoplasm. Protein bodies varied in diameter from 1.8 to $5.0{\mu}m$ and possessed a protein matrix containing electron-dense globoid crystals. Numerous lipid bodies ranged from 0.8 to $3.0{\mu}m$ in diameter were distributed around the protein bodies. During the early stages of breakdown, protein bodies rapidly changed their shape into the granular feature, however, lipid bodies were gradually degradated and fused each other. The degeneration process of protein bodies and lipid bodies of cotyledon cells might be correlated with the reports which hemp seeds rapidly lose their ability to germinate.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2007

Cantharidin is produced by blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) and smaller oedemerid beetles (Coleopetra: Oedemeridae) and is found in hemolymph and various tissues. The function of cantharidin in the courtship behaviour of meloids had never been fully established. Our studies show a correlation between density of cuticular pores and cantharidin titre of the scape and pedicel segments of male specimens of the East African species of Epicauta nyassensis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1880) (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Light microscopy of semi-thin cross sections of the male scape and pedicel indicates that there are many canal shaped structures that stretch from the antennal hemolymph to the antennomere surface. These structures may be tubules, which transport cantharidin circulating in the hemolymph to the surface, where the compound can be released via cuticular pore openings. Analyses of the head capsule and antennal segments of E. nyassensis females which had been copulated with males revealed low titre of cantharidin in the first two antennal segments. The density of the scape and pedicel pores of females was to some extent higher than the density of these pores on flagellum; however it was considerably lower than that of the males. Interestingly, no tubular cell or other transport structures were found in the cross sectioning of the female antennomeres or on the integument surface. During mating, male antennomeres, as well as cantharidin containing pores which are located on the $1^{st}\;and\;2^{nd}$ antennomeres, come into direct contact with the female antennae and may release cantharidin to their surface. Female E. nyassensis may be able to discriminate the opposite sex with abundant reserves of cantharidin prior to mating. This is another evidence that cantharidin function in close range sexual selection.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.446-458
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• 2008

Essential fatty acids (EFA) are fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet because they can not be biosynthesized by human or animals. Gamma fatty acids contain gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DHGLA, 20:3n-6) as intermediate metabolites of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6), which is an EFA found in vegetable oils. GLA is an important essential fatty acid that is required by human and animals to function normally. Recently, studies have indicated that GLA may be an essential component of the cell membrane, as well as an active component of dietary supplements and medicine. GLA must beadministered through the diet because it is converted into DHGLA in the body quickly and completely. DHGLA is a key material involved in the metabolism of LA. GLA is biosysthesized by the rate limiting step of ${\Deltac}^6$-desaturase, which is an enzyme that desaturates LA, there by allowing it to be converted into DHGLA via chain elongation. In addition, DHGLA exerts bioactive effects via action as a precursor of eicosanoid series 1. Breast milk contains an abundant amount of GLA; however, GLA is also available directly in evening primrose oil, black currant seed oil, borage oil and hemp seed oil. In addition, GLA enriched animal and plant can be produced using biotechnology, and highly pure GLA can be extracted using supercritical fluids, such as supercritical carbon dioxide, which will allow economically feasible production of GLA for use in medicines.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.219-238
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• 2014

This study attempted to investigate present condition and product planning of global eco-fashion brands that harmonize fashion and sustainability. As research subjects, this study selected 97 oversea fashion brands mentioned in books related to eco-fashion, Black(2011), Brown(2010), Fuad-luke(2009). As for research methods, materials and ethical practices of these selected 97 brands through literature data and their internet site homepages. This study analyzed oversea eco-brands collected 26 British brands, 22 American brands, 36 European brands such as Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Finland and so on, except Britain and 13 other regions including Japan, India, Canada, Mexico, and New zealand. In conclusion, the product planning characteristics of these oversea eco-fashion brands can be summarized as follows; community and fair trade, ecological and slow design, recycle, reuse, redesign, and new eco-models. Firstly, brands of 'community and fair trade' manufactured products through fair trade and local community's artisan by ethical practices with organic fabrics. Secondly, brands of 'ecological and slow design' pursued timeless design and multi-functional design as luxury eco-fashion styles. They used organic textiles, hemp, bamboo, soya, tencell, sea cell, and self-sustaining plants. Thirdly, brands of 'recycle, reuse, redesign' aimed for upcycling high-end fashion and used vintage clothes, textile scraps, PET, parachutes, tires, safety belts, advertising banner and so on. In addition, brands of 'new models as eco-fashion' suggested zero-waste cutting, recycling over-printing technology, new sustainable business model, and ethical practices in the supply chain of the fashion industry.