• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2002

In this paper, an implementation method of the efficient image transmission stage using watermarking and channel ceding is proposed. Usually, image communication system consists of both a transmitter part and a receiver part. The transmitter part takes charge of copyright protection of the generated image data, and image coding and compression that can deal with channel noises when transmitting. In the transmitter part, we propose a channel coding method which protects both the watermark signal and the original signal for protecting the copyright of image data and solving channel noises when transmitting. Firstly, copyright protection of image data is conducted. For this, image structure analysis is performed, and both the improvement of image quality and the generation of the watermark signal are made. Then, the histogram is constructed and the watermark signals are selected from this. At this stage, by embedding of the coefficients of curve fittness into the lower 4 bits of the image data pixels, image quality degradation due to the embedding of watermark signals are prevented. Finally, turbo coding, which has the most efficient error correction capability in error correction codes, has been conducted to protect signals of watermark and preserved original image quality against noises on the transmission channel. Particularly, a new interleaving method named "semi random inter]easer" has been proposed.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.186-194
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• 2001

Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi infection, is clinically and histopathologically characterized by local as well as systemic inflammatory reactions, indicating that orientiae induce mechanisms that amplify the inflammatory response. To reveal underlying mechanisms of chemoattraction and activation of responding leukocytes, expression of chemokine and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) genes in murine peritoneal macrophages after infection with the obligate intracellular bacterium Ο.tsutsugamushi was investigated. The genes that were unregulated included macrophage inflammatory proteins l$\alpha$/$\beta$(MIP-l$\alpha$/$\beta$), MIP-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1(MCP-1), RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), gamma-interferon-inducible protein 10(IP-10) and TNF-$\alpha$. Peak expression of these chemokines and TNF-$\alpha$ was observed between 1 and 3 h after infection. These responses returned to or approached baseline preinfection levels 6 h after challenge. Semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis revealed dramatic Increases during infection in the steady-state levels of mRNA ceding for the inhibitory subunit of NF-kB (IkB$\alpha$), whose transcription is enhanced by binding of NF-kB within the IkB$\alpha$promoter region. Thus, Ο. tsutsugamushi appears to be a stung inducer of chemokines and TNF-$\alpha$ which may significantly contribute to inflammation and tissue damage observed in scrub typhus by attracting and activating phagocytic leukocytes.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.317-326
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• 2002

The adaptive coding schemes in H.264 standardization provide a significant ceding efficiency and some additional features like error resilience and network friendliness. The variable block size motion compensation using multiple reference frames is one of the key H.264 coding elements to provide main performance gain, but also the main culprit that increases the overall computational complexity. For this reason, this paper proposes a selective motion estimation algorithm based on variable block size for fast motion estimation in H.264. After we find the SAD(Sum of Absolute Difference) at initial points using diamond search, we decide whether to perform additional motion search in each block. Simulation results show that the proposed method is five times faster than the conventional full search in case of search range $\pm$32.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2002

In this paper. we propose a new video coding scheme with multi-resolution motion compensation and residual quantization. The main functional blocks of the proposed scheme include multi-level wavelet decomposition. motion estimation and motion compensation. raster scanning within each subband. formation of block trees and blocking partitioning. and adaptive arithmetic coding. Although the proposed ceding scheme is simple and requires low computational complexity, it produces bitstreams tilth good features. such as the embedded structure and SNR scalability. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed coding scheme is quote competitive to and often outperforms other wavelet-based video coding schemes in the literature.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.07c
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• pp.1606-1609
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• 2002

MAC state models appeared with an effort to overcome technical demerits of CDMA in provisioning packet data service. In the scenario of sojourn and transition on MAC states, the design of state sojourn time is a critical issue for an efficient utilization of limited recource; a longer sojourn time leads to more resource being preserved for inactive stations, while more connection components should be recovered with a shorter sojourn time. Thus, the sojourn time at each MAC state must be optimized in consideration of these two conflicting arguments. In this paper, we first present a generic MAC state model. Secondly, based on the generic model, we reveal a relation of inactive period and the delay time of the last packet served in pre- ceding active period and specify a loss function reflect-ing two antinomic features that result from a change of state sojourn time. Using the proposed loss function, we construct a decision problem to find an optima3 rule for state sojourn times. Finally, we present a way of computing Bayes rule by use of the posterior distribution of inactivity duration for given observation on the delay time of last packet. Furthermore, Bayes rules are explicitly expressed for special arrival processes and investigated with respect to traffic load and loss parameters.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 1992

In this paper, three methods are studied to enhance the performance of SBC ( Sub-Band Coding )schemes for voice signal at the medium bit rate between 12 kbps and If; kbps, and adaptive postfilteritng using human auditory characteristics Is (Bone at the decoder out put. First, GQMF(Generalized Quadrature Mirror Filter ) Is used instead of QME'((Quadrature MirrorFiltcr ) to have better performance. Second, by adaptive bit allocation to each sub-band, speech quality is enhanced and valuable rate ceding If possible. Third, corriparlson study oS thr: coder performance using APCM(Adaptive Pulse Code ModulatioTi) and ADPCM( Adaptive Differentiai Pulse Code Modulatiori) , Indicates that SB AfCM performance better than the other. Adaptive postfiltering at the decoder output enhances the quality of the coded speech. The two proposed postfiltering methods decrease the noise sufficiently at the expense of the low computational load.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1469-1482
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• 1993

A new image coding technique has been proposed based on the wavelet transform. To achieve lower ceding rates and good qualities in reconstructed images, some of wavelet coefficients were removed by thresholding and quantized in accordance with the sensitivity of the human visual system(HVS). For each block of subimages in wavelet transform domain, block thresholding scheme has been used to remove the unimportant wavelet coefficients according to the frequency characteristic and statistical property of wavelet coefficients. The location information of quantized blocks and removed blocks were encoded using run-length coder which is effective for the exponential distribution. Quantized coefficients were encoded using variable length coder which matches well to their distribution. Simulation results show that the reconstructed images maintain high quality with the low bit rate, below 1.0 bits per pel.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 2019

This paper suggests an algorithm for detecting fault of longitudinal controller in autonomous vehicles. Guaranteeing safety in fault situation is essential because electronic devices in vehicle are dependent each other. Several methods like alarm to driver, ceding control to driver, and emergency stop are considered to cope with fault. This research investigates the fault monitoring process in fail-safe system, for controller which is responsible for accelerating and decelerating control in vehicle. Residual is computed using desired acceleration control command and actual acceleration, and detection of its abnormal increase leads to the decision that system has fault. Before computing residual for controller, health monitoring process of acceleration signal is performed using hardware and analytic redundancy. In fault monitoring process for controller, a process model which is fitted using driving data is considered to improve the performance. This algorithm is simulated via MATLAB tool to verify performance.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.297-303
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Understanding individual's intention, action and maintenance to increase fruit and vegetable intake is an initial step in designing nutrition or health promotion programs. This study aimed to determine stages of change to increase fruit and vegetable intake and its relationships with fruit and vegetable intake, self-efficacy, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 348 public university staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire and two days 24-hour diet recall were used. RESULTS: Half of the respondents (50%) were in preparation stage, followed by 43% in action/maintenance, 7% in pre-contemplation/contemplation stages. Respondents in action/maintenance stages had significantly higher self-efficacy (F = 9.17, P < 0.001) and perceived benefits (F =5.07, P < 0.01) while respondents in pre-contemplation/contemplation and preparation stages had significantly higher perceived barriers (F = 4.83, P < 0.05). Perceived benefits tend to outweigh perceived barriers pre-ceding to taking action. Self-efficacy is important in motivating individuals to increase fruit and vegetable intake as self-efficacy and perceived barriers crossed over between preparation and action/maintenance. Respondents in action/maintenance stages had the highest adjusted mean serving of fruit and vegetable intake (F = 4.52, P < 0.05) but the intake did not meet recommendation. CONCLUSION: Intervention strategies should emphasize on increasing perceived benefits and building self-efficacy by providing knowledge and skills to consume a diet high in fruits and vegetables in order to promote healthy changes in having high fruit and vegetable intake.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.147-152
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• 2016

Purpose - High quality films are affected by both the production stage and various variables such as the size of the movie investment and marketing that changes consumers' perceptions. Consumer preferences should be recognized first to ensure that the movie is successful. If a film is produced without pre-investigation and analysis of consumer demand and taste, the probability of success will be low. This study investigates the balance of production costs, marketing costs, and profits using game theory, suggesting an optimization strategy using the simplex method of linear programming. Research design, data, and methodology - Before the release of the movie, initial demand is assumed to be driven largely by marketing costs. In the next phase, demand is assumed to be driven purely by a movie's production cost and quality, which might also further determine consumer demand. Thus, it is essential to determine how to distribute pure production costs and other costs (marketing) in a limited movie production budget. Moreover, it should be taken into account how to optimally distribute under the assumption that the audience and production company's input resources are limited. This research simplifies the assumptions for large-scale and relatively small-scale movie investments and examines how movie distribution participant profits differ when each cost is invested differently. Results - When first movers or market leaders have to choose both quality and marketing, it has been proven that pursuing a strategy choosing only one is more likely than choosing both. In this situation, market leaders should maximize marketing costs under the premise that market leaders will not lag their quality behind the quality of second movers. Additionally, focusing on movie marketing that produces a quick effect while ceding creative activity to increase movie quality is a natural outcome in the movie distribution environment since a cooperative strategy between market competitors is not feasible. Conclusions - Government film development policy should ignore quality competition between movie production companies and focus on preventing marketing competition. If movie production companies focus on movie production quality improvement then a creative competition would ensue.