• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.540-551
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• 2019

This study was conducted to provide basic data for classifying patterns of land creep in 37 areas in South Korea using geological and soil property analyses. Geological time, as it relates to land creep areas in South Korea, had been most impactful for the Gyeongsang Supergroup and its sedimentary bedrock during the Cretaceous period. In this area, perfect ridge cliffs in land creeping areas included 20 plots (approximately 54.0%), while tension cracking areas with ambiguous ridge cliff characteristics included 17 plots (approximately 46.0%). Hesitant slide slope types included 20 plots (approximately 54.0%) within theslide slope of an incident pattern (slide slope figure) in land creeping areas. Colluvial debris types among land creep patterns were the most frequent and included 25 plots (approximately 68.0%). The direct causes of land creep were cutting of foothills, quarrying, land-clearing in mountains, mining exploration, and the creation of burial grounds, all of which added to geological impacts. Among land creeping areas, 27 plots (approximately 73.0%) were the result of man-made activities, and 10 plots (approximately 27.0%) were derived via natural causes such as earthquakes, heavy rainfall, and caving.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2006

For a hydro power plant project, the headrace tunnel having a finished diameter of 3.3 m was constructed in volcanic rocks with well-developed vertical joint and high groundwater table. The intake facility was located 20.3km upstream of the powerhouse and headrace tunnel of 20km in length and penstock of 440m in height connected the intake and the powerhouse. The typical caldera lake, Lake Toba set the geology at the site the caving of the ground caused tension cracks in the vertical direction to be developed and initial stresses at the ground to be released. High groundwater table(the maximum head of 20bar) in the area of well-connected vertical joints delayed the progress of tunnel excavation severely due to the excessive inflow of groundwater. The excavation of tunnel was made using open-shield type TBM and mucking cars on the rail. High volume of water inflowraised the water level inside tunnel to 70cm, 17% of tunnel diameter (3.9m) and hindered the mucking of spoil under water. To improve the productivity, several adjustments such as modification of TBM and mucking cars and increase in the number of submersible pumps were made forthe excavation of severe water inflow zone. Since the ground condition encountered during excavation turned out to be much worse, it was decided to adopt PC segment lining instead of RC lining. Besides, depending on the conditions of the water inflow, rock mass condition and internal water pressure, one of the invert PC segment lining with in-situ RC lining, RC lining and steel lining was applied to meet the site specific condition. With the adoption of PC segment lining, modification of TBM and other improvement, the excavation of the tunnel under severe groundwater condition was successfully completed.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.11 no.1 s.12
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

Seventeen exploratory wells have been drilled in the Block VI-1 of offshore Korea, which is located in the southern part or the Ulleung Basin. Gas show has been recognized from most of the wells, and gas and condensate have been accompanied in some wells. Commercial discovery of gas, accompanied by condensate, has been made from Gorae V well. The reservoir gases or the Dolgorae III, Gorae I, and Gorae V wells in the Ulleung Basin mainly consists of hydrocarbon gases (>93%). These gases are thermogenic wet gases which contain more than 96% of the methane and result from the cracking of petroleum or kerogen. Based on the chemistry and composition of the gases and stable isotope data, they seem to be generated from different source rocks. The condensates from the Gorae I and V wells are mostly generated from terrestrial organic matter. Lacustrine organic matter may not play an important role for the generation of these condensates. The condensates from the Gorae V wells consist predominantly of terrestrial organic matter but with minor subsidiary input from marine organic matter. The condensates from Gorse I and V wells may be generated from different source rocks. The thermal maturity level of the condensates from the Gorae V well ranges from early to middle oil generation zone and condensate from Gorae I reaches middle oil window. Correlation or the thermal maturation level of the condensates and organic matter in the sediments reveals that a depth of the generation of liquid hydrocarbons can be inferred to 3,000 m and 3,900 m for the Gorae V and I wells, respectively. Gorae V well, however, did not reach the target depth and the geochemical data of the Gorae I well were obscured due to the severe sediment caving in.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to estimate (co) variance components of three milk production traits for genetic evaluation using a multiple lactation model. Each of the first five lactations was treated as different traits. For the parameter estimation study, a data set was set up including lactations from cows calved from 2001 to 2009. The total number of raw lactation records in first to fifth parities reached 1,416,589. At least 10 cows were required for each contemporary group, herd-year-season effect. Sires with fewer than 10 daughters were discarded. Lactations with 305d milk yield exceeding 15,000 kg were removed. In total, 1,456 sires of cows were remained after all the selection steps. A complete pedigree consisting of 292,382 records was used for the study. A sire model containing herd-year-season, caving age, and sire additive genetic effects was applied to the selected lactation data and pedigree for estimating (co) variance components via VCE. Heritabilities and genetic or residual correlations were then derived from the (co) variance estimates using R package. Genetic correlations between lactations ranged from 0.76 to 0.98 for milk yield, 0.79~1.00 for fat yield, 0.75~1.00 for protein yield. On individual lactation basis, relatively low heritability values were obtained 0.14~0.23, 0.13~0.20 and 0.14~0.19 for milk, fat, and protein yields, respectively. For the combined lactation heritability values were 0.29, 0.28, and 0.26 for milk, fat, and protein yields. The estimated parameters will be used in national genetic evaluations for production traits.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.251-279
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• 2010

In 2009 the Ministry of Health and Society reported a new milestone in longevity among people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA): An individual was reported to be living and healthy after 24 years with HIV/AIDS. Today, PLWHA who receive treatment are more likely to die as a result of cancer or cardiovascular diseases than HIV/AIDS. However, in Korea the public association between HIV/AIDS and death remains strong and PLWHA live with the feeling of being discarded. While great advances have been made in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, understanding of life with HIV/AIDS is just beginning. This study describes the life experiences of PLWHA after being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Phenomenological methods were used to analyze the transcripts of semi-structured interviews with six PLWHA. Time is a constant factor in the life experiences of PLWHA. After being diagnosed, participants were shocked, feeling as though the world was caving in and they were living with a time bomb. Compulsory disclosure left PLWHA with a feeling of disconnection from the world. Participants were fired from their jobs, resulting in poverty, isolation and a sense that they were simply waiting to die. However, health professionals informed participants that HIV/AIDS is a manageable illness. With time, PLWHA came to understand HIV/AIDS differently. In accepting their HIV infection, PLWHA created a new sense of meaning in their lives. To be honest to their loved ones and true to their own identity, PLWHA worked to "come out." The experience of coming out helped them to accept themselves as they were and understand their own strength. The most important influence on their treatment, and living with HIV/AIDS generally, was obtaining correct information about HIV/AIDS from health professionals. After accepting that they were living with HIV/AIDS, participants were able to look beyond themselves to support those around them, including family members, friends, and others who encouraged them to recognize and feel confident in their own identity.