• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 1994

The experimental evidence evaluation of the 11th grade students(N:91) was investigated. Specially, the influence of students' ideas about optical phenomena and presented evidence types on their evidence evaluation, and the influence of students' ideas on their causal inference modes were investigated. After eliciting the students' ideas about shadow phenomena and conformity of their idea, the experimental results with a binary outcome were presented as the evidence. Then the students were asked to evaluate the evidence. Again students' ideas were elicited. Most of students had causal ideas such that the shape of object(96%) and the inclination of screen(75%) were causes of shadow shape, not the shape(70%) and color(92%) of light source. In the case of the shape of object and the color of light source, most students(70%) believed strongly their ideas. Most responses(80%) in the evidence were evidence-based, and 12% of them were theory-based. There was no significant difference of reponses types between students with causal ideas(81%) and students with non-causal ideas(78%), between covariable and non-covariable evidence. But in the case of non-causal ideas, covariable evidence was more likely to yield evidence-based reponses than non-covariable evidence. If students had preconcepts inconsistent(84%) with the evidence, they were more likely to make evidence-based responses than the students with consistent ideas (75%) with the evidence. Especially in the case perceptually biased evidence, this tendency was marked. In the case of covariable evidence, many students made inclusion inferences(40%) rather than uncertainty inferences(32%). In the case of uncertainty inferences(94%), students more likely to make evidence-based reponses than inclusion inferences(83%) and exclusion infernces(88%). In the case of inclusion inferences and exclusion infernces, students tended to make idea-based responses and distort the evidences. In conclusion, when the students evaluate the experimental evidences, their ideas influence the causal inference modes. Especially, according to the conformity of the preconcepts and logical relation of evidences, the inference modes are more strongly depended upon the preconcepts rather than evidences.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.52-96
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• 1998

To find causal factors and improvement plans of organizational commitment of public servants in urban health centers, a hypothetical causal model, which included 2 endogenous variables(organizational commitment & organizational satisfaction) and 15 exogenous variables, was constructed. Exogenous variables consisted of individual factors (sex, age, education, job-grade, and annual salary), psychological variables(pride for organization, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation and support of supervisor) ad structural variables(formalization, centralization, communication, job-conflict, job-decision, and workload). In the hypothetical causal model, organizational commitment was supposed to be effect variable, and organizational satisfaction was presumed to be intervening variable to mediate between organizational commitment and exogenous variables. For data collection, cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted to 1,295 public servants from 32 urban health centers nationwide. The survey responses were from 934, 72.1% of subjects. But 756 responses(58.4%) were analyzed because of excluding ones with missing values. The hypothetical causal model was fitted by covariance structural analysis with maximum likelihood method. Main results were as follows: (1) The fitted causal model accounted for 33 and 55 percent of total variance of organizational commitment and organizational satisfaction of public servants, respectively. (2) In order of effect size, pride for organization, supervisor support, communication, extrinsic motivation and centralization had an indirect effect effect on organizational commitment through organizational satisfaction. However, the effect of centralization was negative. (3) Pride for organiztion, intrinsic motivation, organizational satisfaction, job-conflict, supervisor support, communication, age, centralization, annual salar and extrinsic motivation had indirect or direct effects on organizational commitment in order of effect size. Among them, effects of job-conflict and centraldization were negative. In conclusion, these results suggested that organizational commitment of public servants in urban health centers could be enhanced by pride for organization, intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, prevention of job-conflict and excess centralization, supervisor support and active communication. Especially, pride for organization and intrinsic motivation were expected to play the most important role.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.193-204
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• 2010

Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the causal relationship between smoking and depression using longitudinal data. Methods: Two waves of the Korea Welfare Panel collected in 2006 and 2007 were used. The sample consisted of 14 426 in 2006 and 13 052 in 2007 who were aged 20 and older. Smoking was measured by smoking amount (none/$\geq$ two packs). Depression was defined when the summated CESD (center for epidemiological studies depression)-11 score was greater than or equal to 16. The causal relationship between smoking and depression was tested using logistic regression. In order to test the causal effect of smoking on depression, depression at year 2 was regressed on smoking status at year 1 only using the sample without depression at year 1. Likewise, smoking status at year 2 was regressed on depression at year 1 only using those who were not smoking at year 1 in order to test the causal effect of depression on smoking. The statistical package used was Stata 10.0. Sampling weights were applied to obtain the population estimation. Results: The logistic regression testing for the causal relationship between smoking and depression showed that smoking at year 1 was significantly related to depression at year 2. Smoking amounts associated with depression were different among age groups. On the other hand, the results from the logistic regression testing for the opposite direction of the relationship between smoking and depression found no significant association regardless of age group. Conclusions: The study results showed some evidence that smoking caused depression but not the other way around.

• 논리연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.83-133
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• 2015

이 글에서는 상반된 이중 원인 효과를 해명하는 데 히치콕(Hitchcock 2001a)이 제시한 두 가지 원인 효과를 비판적으로 평가하고 그 비판을 상쇄할 대안을 제시한다. 이를 위해 다섯 가지를 논의한다. 첫째, 상반된 이중 원인 효과에 관한 사례를 소개하고 이에 대한 오테(Otte 1985)와 엘스(Eells 1987)의 논쟁을 검토한다. 이 검토는 이중 원인 효과에 대한 이해와 그와 관련해 논의할 히치콕, 카트라이트(Cartwright 1979, 1989, 1995), 엘스(Eells 1991, 1995)의 이론들을 비교, 평가하는 준비가 된다. 둘째, 구조 방정식 모형에서 두 원인 효과에 착안하여, 히치콕이 제시한 원인 효과의 두 개념, 망 효과와 요소 효과를 소개한다. 셋째, 이중 원인 효과를 해명하는 데 카트라이트와 엘스의 논쟁을 논의하면서, 동질적 부분 집단의 역할, 인과 상호 작용의 중요성에 주목한다. 넷째, 이중 원인 효과를 해명하는 데 히치콕이 적용한 두 원인 효과 개념을 비판적으로 검토하고, 엘스의 이론에 대한 히치콕의 비판을 다시 비판한다. 다섯째, 구조 방정식 모형의 조절 효과 개념을 인과에 대한 확률 이론에 응용하여, 이중 원인 효과에서 초래된 인과 상호 작용을 선언(disjunctive) 관계와 반 사실적 요인으로 형식화하여 보여준다. 조절 효과에 대한 논의는 최근에 많은 주목을 받은 구조 방정식 모형에 토대한 인과 모형 이론들이 인과의 문제들을 해결하는 데 기여할 수 있다. 다른 한편으로, 선언 관계, 반 사실적 조건을 이용한 인과 상호 작용에 대한 논의는 통계적 방법론으로서 구조 방정식 모형을 제고하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.1010-1029
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• 2002

The purpose of this research was to survey middle school students' preference for science and its causal factors, so as to analyze the causal relationships between them. Preference for science and its causal factors were defined theoretically, and a theoretical model was constructed to measure them and analyze the causal relationship by structural equation modeling. According to the theoretical model and a pilot test, a questionnaire was developed with three parts; the background information of a respondent, the preference for science, and the causal factors of preference. The questionnaire was administered to one class per grade of randomly selected 8 middle schools from 4 areas across the country, and 819 students' data were collected. Preference for science was defined as a state of mind. It revealed to what extent, and how, one likes science. It consisted of 3 categories - 'emotional response', 'behavioral volition', 'valuational comprehension', and each category was divided into two subcategories. Causal factors affecting the preference for science consisted of three categories - personal, educational and social factors, and each was divided into 2 or 3 subcategories. Middle school students' preference for science was middling as a total. Curiosity about contents of science and valuation of science were high, comparatively, but behavioral volition about science was especially low. Students' responses to the causal factors were relatively high in every educational factor and sociocultural valuation of social factors, but relatively low in socioeconomic rewards of social factors, and especially low in personal factors. The causal relationship about the preference for science was investigated by multiple regression analysis and path analysis, using the structural equation model. Multiple regression analysis about the preference for science and its causal factors revealed important factors. The important factors were personal ability, the personal traits, rewards in school science, and contents of school science in order of magnitude of standardized regression coefficient ${\beta}$. Stepwise regression analysis with each of the subcategories of the preference for science as dependent variables showed what factors were important in each subcategory. According to the result of structural equation modeling, personal factors affected 'emotional response' and 'behavioral volition' directly, and social factors affected 'valuational comprehension' directly. Educational factors affected all categories of the preference for science by influencing not only 'emotional response' and 'valuational comprehension' directly, but also 'behavioral volition' indirectly. The way to promote middle school students' preference for science was suggested, based on the analysis result.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.465-476
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• 2021

이 연구는 불법 성콘텐츠 접촉과 불법 성콘텐츠 유통의 그 원인요인들 및 통제요인들을 제시하고 그 요인들 간의 상호작용효과를 각각 살펴보고 비교하였다. 원인요인으로는 낮은 자기통제력, 불법 성콘텐츠 경험 친구, 그리고 가부장가정 요인을, 그리고 통제요인들로는 도덕태도, 공식처벌, 기회제약을 다뤘다. 그리고 세 원인요인들의 영향에 대한 세 통제요인들의 조절 혹은 완충효과를 살펴보았다. 서울시 대학생을 조사대상으로 하는 분석결과 대체로 불법 성콘텐츠 접촉과 불법 성콘텐츠 유통에서 그 원인요인들의 작용은 유사해 낮은 자기통제력, 불법 성콘텐츠 경험 친구, 그리고 가부장가정 모두가 크게 유의미했고 그 중에서도 불법 성콘텐츠 경험 친구와의 접촉의 영향력이 가장 컸다. 불법 성콘텐츠 접촉 및 유통에 대한 원인요인들과 통제요인들의 상호작용효과에 대한 결과를 보면 그 결과가 상이했다. 불법 성콘텐츠 접촉의 경우 원인요인들과 통제요인들과의 상호작용효과가 모두 유의미하지 않았다. 즉 불법 성콘텐츠 접촉에서는 원인요인 모두가 독립적으로만 유의미하게 작동했으며 그 작용을 어떠한 통제요인들도 통제하지 못했다. 그러나 불법 성콘텐츠 유통의 경우는 낮은 자기통제력과 도덕태도간의 상호작용효과, 불법 성콘텐츠 유통 친구와 도덕태도간의 상호작용효과가 유의미했고, 가부장가정과 공식처벌간의, 그리고 가부장가정과 기회제약간의 상호작용효과가 유의미했다. 그 결과의 함의를 논의한다.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.119-133
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• 2007

본 연구는 경영혁신의 한 기법으로 BSC를 비영리기업인 대학병원에 도입할 경우 영리기업에서와 같이 그 효과가 있는지를 검증하고자 한다. 대학병원 사례에 의한 BSC 성과측정지표간의 인과관계를 알아보기 위하여 구조방정식 모델을 이용하여 분석하였다. BSC 성과측정지표간의 인과관계를 분석한 결과 모두 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타나 연구가설이 모두 채택되었다. 향후에는 실제 재무자료를 학습 및 성장 관점, 내부프로세스 관점, 고객 관점과 연계하여 BSC 성과측정지표간의 인과관계를 연구할 필요가 있다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.34-46
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• 2020

Unlike research focused on existing technologies and individual errors to analyze the causes of incidents, this study approached them from an organization and culture. And this study is not a one way study but cyclical study what can track cause down using causal loop diagram methodology. Four diagnostic criteria for the negative state of the safety culture : secretive, blame, failure to learning, and incremental learning, combine literature study and expert opinion to derive 41 variables. Connecting these variable make 4 causal loop diagrams and total causal loop diagram. Case accumulation in secretive, accident report in blame, knowledge accumulation in failure to learning, near miss discovery in incremental learning are the main variables. Safety incident is the objective variable by classifying them into 4 stages in total loop, leading track as the most affect is case accumulation, and Step 4 as you can see accident report and near miss discovery are the result of tracking down the cause. This study can be used as a basis for improving the management priority and the system in incident prevention.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2016

Causal inference methodologies have been developed for the past decade to estimate the unconfounded effect of an exposure under several key assumptions. These assumptions include, but are not limited to, the stable unit treatment value assumption, the strong ignorability of treatment assignment assumption, and the assumption that propensity scores be bounded away from zero and one (the positivity assumption). Of these assumptions, the first two have received much attention in the literature. Yet the positivity assumption has been recently discussed in only a few papers. Propensity scores of zero or one are indicative of deterministic exposure so that causal effects cannot be defined for these subjects. Therefore, these subjects need to be removed because no comparable comparison groups can be found for such subjects. In this paper, using currently available causal inference methods, we evaluate the effect of arbitrary cutoffs in the distribution of propensity scores and the impact of those decisions on bias and efficiency. We propose a tree-based method that performs well in terms of bias reduction when the definition of positivity is based on a single confounder. This tree-based method can be easily implemented using the statistical software program, R. R code for the studies is available online.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose was to identify quality of chest pain according to causal diseases and pain expression of patients with coronary artery diseases. Method: Participants were 1,964 patients with pain who visited the emergency department of A hospital from January to December 2006. Data were collected from nurses' and doctors' records as to causal disease, and quality and expression of chest pain. Results: Causal diseases were coronary artery diseases, non-specific chest pain, respiratory diseases, non-coronary artery heart diseases and digestive diseases in that order of frequency. Every disease except respiratory disease caused mostly dull and tract pain, but 63.7% of patients with coronary artery diseases complained of typical angina pain and 24.9% complained of atypical angina pain. Patients with coronary artery diseases mostly used word 'heaviness' in describing their dull pain, and 'squeezing' for tract pain. Both male and female patients who were diagnosed with coronary artery disease complained mostly frequently of dull pain and tract pain. Conclusion: The most common causal disease for patients with chest pain was coronary artery disease. Patients with other diseases also frequently complained of dull and tract pain, the same as patients with coronary artery diseases. A considerable number of patients complained various types of atypical angina pain in coronary artery diseases.