• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.510-516
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• 1999

Dyeing properties of cotton fabrics with green tea colorants were studied by investigating the effects of dyeing conditions such as colorants concentration. pH dyeing temperature and time on dye uptakes effects of mordats on dye uptakes and color change and effects of cationizing agent on dye uptakes. And various colorfastnesses of dyed fabrics were evaluated for practical use. Green tea colorants showed low affinity to cotton and produced yellowish red color. Freundlich adsorption isotherm was obtained thus it is considered that hydrogen bondings are formed between colorants and cotton. Dye uptake was maximum at pH 5 and decreased as pH increased. Mordants especially Cu and Sn were effective for increasing dye uptake. Dye uptakes were improved remarkably by cationizing. Cationized cotton showed Langumuir adsorption isotherm indicating that ionic bondings were formed between colorants and cationized cotton. While mordanting did not affect lightfastness cationizing affected adversely. Colorfastness of cationized sample was generally inferior to that of mordanted samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1477-1485
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• 2011

Dyeability and colorfastness of the blended knits of cotton/rayon (40/60; C/R) and wool/tencel (10/90; W/T) are examined using the natural dyestuff ($Pinux^{TM}$) manufactured from Pinus radiata pine bark extract. In addition, pre-treatments (such as bleaching, mercerization and cationization) are performed to improve dyeability and colorfastness. The $Pinux^{TM}$ powder dyestuffs produced by Pinux Co., Ltd. are used as dyestuffs and their properties are examined for dyeing concentration (0.5-2% (owb)), dyeing time (30-120 minutes) and dyeing temperature (30-$90^{\circ}C$). Dyeability is evaluated with K/S value at 400nm, which is the maximum absorption wavelength for $Pinux^{TM}$. The results show the dyeability of W/T sample containing protein fiber with $Pinux^{TM}$ is superior to all cellulose fiber C/R. A concentration of dyestuff greater than 1.5% (owb), dyeing time 120 minutes and dyeing temperature of $90^{\circ}C$ are the most optimized conditions. It shows that the dyeability of C/R and W/T samples are high in the condition of an acid-dyeing bath and that dyeability highly declined in alkaline bath due to the instability of the proanthocyanidin pigment. After analyzing the effect of bleaching, mercerizing and cationizing (as pre-treatments on dyeability) it was concluded that the dyeability of the C/R sample was enhanced by mercerization but no significant effect by cationization. However, the simultaneous treatment of cationizing and dyeing resulted in far improved dyeability compared to dyeing after cationizing pre-treatment. As for the W/T sample, the effect of cationization was more prominent than the C/R sample. Colorfastness to color changes in the control W/T sample was higher than that of C/R's level 1-2, and it increased to Level 2 when bleaching pre-treatment was given and when a simultaneous cationizing treatment was adopted to the dyeing process. Colorfastness to light in W/T control sample resulted in Level 3 and further increased to an excellent Level of 4 with bleaching and simultaneous cationizing during dyeing process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.3_4
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• pp.485-491
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• 2002

Dyeing properties of rosemary colorants on cotton fabrics were investigated. Effect of dyeing conditions on dye uptake and effect of mordanting and cationizing on dye uptake, color change and colorfastness were explored. Also, antimicrobial activity of rosemary colorants was ascertained and further effect of cationizing on antimicrobial activity was investigated. Affinity of rosemary colorants to cotton fiber was considerably low, and its isotherm adsorption curve was Freundlich type, indicating that hydrogen bonding was involved in the adsorption of rosemary colorants to cotton fiber. The cotton fabrics showed generally high colorfastness except fastness to washing and light. The cationized cotton with Cationon UK(quarterly ammonium salt) showed higher dye uptake and shorter dyeing time, compared with the untreated cotton. The cationized cotton showed good colorfastness to washing, perspiration and rubbing. Antimicrobial activity of rosemary colorfastness was confirmed. The cationized cotton itself showed high bacterial reduction rate. For cationized and dyed samples, as dye uptake increased, bacterial reduction rate was decreased slightly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1310-1317
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• 2012

This study examines the possibilities to improve natural dyestuff's (Pinux$^{TM}$) dyeability and colorfastness for C/R (Cotton/Rayon (40/60)) and W/T (Wool/Tencel (10/90)) knitted fabrics in cationizing and smectiting for pre-treatment, simultaneous-treatment and post-treatment process sequences; as well as various other treatment methods. The sample dyeability showed the strongest K/S value in the order of smectite (S) < cationization + smectite (C+S) < cationization (C); however, the K/S value showed a low level in the simultaneoustreatment method of smectite. Colorfastness to washing improved in the order of C < C+S < S, and after the smectite post-treatment process, C/R improved from Grade 1 to Grade 4 and W/T improved from Grade 1-2 to Grade 4. Colorfastness to perspiration generally improved in the same order as the colorfastness to washing and after the smectite post-treatment process C/R, W/T sample's acidic and alkaline colorfastness to perspiration improved greatly. As for the colorfastness to rubbing, the addition of smectite in the simultaneous-treatment and post-treatment processes resulted in improved wet-colorfastness; however, smectite showed less effect on the colorfastness to light compared to other colorfastness ratings.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1996-2000
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• 2009

Alkali metal salts were introduced to enhance the ionization efficiency of glucose and maltooligoses in electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). A mixture of the same moles of glucose, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and maltoheptaose was used. Salts of lithium, sodium, potassium, and cesium were employed as the cationizing agent. The ionization efficiency varied with the alkali metal cation types as well as the analyte sizes. Ion abundance distribution of the [M+$cation]^+$ ions of the carbohydrates varied with the fragmentor voltage. The maximum ion abundance at low fragmentor voltage was observed at maltose, while the maximum ion abundance at high fragmentor voltage shifted to maltotriose or maltotetraose for Na, K, and Cs. Variation of the ionization efficiency was explained with the hydrated cation size and the binding energy of the analyte and alkali metal cation.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2001

In order to overcome the disadvantage of the conventional two bath dyeing method of wool/cotton blends, it had prompted significant effort to the development of the one bath dyeing method which can accomplish savings in energy, water usage and time. To improve the dyeability of cotton toward direct dyes in a non-electrolytic and acidic dyebath, cotton component was pretreated with cationizing agent containing chlorohydrine group in aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. This study was carried out to investigate almost equal color strength between wool component and cationized cotton component when wool/cationized cotton blends was dyed with acid dye/direct dye by the one bath two step method in a non-electrolytic and acidic dyebath.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.2806-2808
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• 2009

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.260-266
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• 2022

Cellulose fiber is a material used in various fields. It is the most used type of fiber because of its excellent hygroscopicity and dyeability. Recently, as natural fiber materials have been highlighted due to the influence of eco-friendliness and well-being, bamboo fiber has become a commonly used eco-friendly fiber. Cellulose fibers are part of the -OH hydroxyl group, which means they are more chemically reactive than synthetic fibers. In this study, the cationization properties of bamboo-cotton blended fabrics cationized using CHPTAC (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) in the PDC (padding-drying-curing) method were investigated. Various characteristics according to cationization were studied through elemental analysis, FT-IR (fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, TGA (thermogravimetric) analysis, and SEM (scanning electron microscope) analysis. The nitrogen content of the cationized bamboo-cotton blended fabric increased with an increase in the concentration of the cationizing agent CHPTAC, and it was seen to be highly bound to cellulose molecules. As a result of the FT-IR analysis, both 100% pure cotton fabrics and CHPTAC-0 and CHPTAC-150 fabrics were seen to be typical cellulose. As a result of the X-ray diffraction analysis, both 100% pure cotton fabrics and CHPTAC-0 and CHPTAC-150 fabrics showed typical cellulose I structures. As a result of the X-ray diffraction analysis, both 100% pure cotton fabrics and CHPTAC-0 and CHPTAC-150 fabrics showed typical cellulose I structures. As the cationization progressed, micropores appeared on the surface of the blended fabric.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate combination dyeing of the cationized cotton with natural colorants extracted from Gardenia and Sappan wood extract using methanol. To improve dyeing properties of cotton with natural dye, cotton fabric was preheated with cationizing agent containing chlorohydrine group in aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. On the whole the various medium colors were developed by repeat dyeing with different colorants after dyeing with one colorant in case of natural dyeing, In this study, however in order to obtain various colors on cationized cotton fabrics with natural dyes, pre-mordanting and combination dyeing were carried out. The various colors were obtained according to various metal compounds for pre-mordants and various mixing portion of Gardenia and Sappan wood. Metal compounds containing alum, copper and iron were used for pre-mordants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2000

The colorante from black tea infusion were applied to cotton fabric. Dyeing properties were investigated in terms of dye uptakes at various dyeing conditions and the effect of mordants on color change and colorfastness. Cotton showed low affinity to black tea colorants. Effects of mordants on dye uptake was not significant except Sn. Irrespective of mordant type, color of cotton dyed with black tea colorants was brownish and colorfastness was generally good. In order to improve dye uptake, cotton was cationized by treating with Cationon UK(tertiary ammonium salt) and chitosan. Dye uptake of cotton was remarkably increased by cationizing. Cationon UK was more effective than chitosan.