• 한국지역지리학회지
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.604-615
• /
• 2009

청동기시대에 한반도에 산재하던 정치적 독립체들은 '군장사회(君長社會)'라고 부르는 것보다는 '성읍국가(城邑國家)'라고 부르는 것이 적절하다고 본다. 이기백의 학설에 따르면, 청동기시대의 '성읍국가' 지배자들은 나지막한 구릉 위에 토성이나 목책을 만들고 스스로 방위하면서 그 바깥 평야의 농민들을 다스렸다. 이 연구에서는 진주지역에 산재하는 21개의 성 중에서 "나지막한 구릉 위에 입지하면서 그 바깥 평야를 훤히 내려다볼 수 있는 성"을 선택해서 '성읍국가'의 성으로 간주하고 그 성들의 특성을 고찰하였다. 진주지역에서 '성읍국가'의 성으로 간주되는 다섯 성은 모두 산정식 산성(山頂式 山城)에 속하고, 그 성내에는 우물터가 없다. 다섯 성의 평균 해발고도는 189.4m이고 평균 둘레는 250m이다. '성읍국가'의 성은 대체적으로는 토축성 목책성이었지만, 부분적으로는 석축의 성벽을 갖고 있었을 것으로 보인다. 앞으로 이러한 성에 대한 고고학적 발굴조사가 수행되어 '성읍국가'의 성에 대한 좀 더 과학적인 결론을 도출 할 수 있기를 기대한다.

• 지구물리
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2003

Generally the dynamic characteristics of stone wall structures depend on several factors such as contact, the type of interlocking bonding stones, and the filling materials. This paper describes a non-destructive technique for diagnosis of historic masonry stone structures using the measurement of natural frequency technique. For this purpose, the castle wall of Nag-An Folk Town located in Sunchon, Korea was selected as a model. The Nag-An Town Castle is one of the well maintained historical remains constructed in the Chosun Kingdom of Korea. The construction started in 1397 A.D and was finished in 1626 A.D. The non-mortar castle wall is 1470m long and the average height is 4m with a width of 3 4m. The exterior of the wall is bonded with 1 2 m rectangular rough-faced stone and the inside of the wall is filled with gravel. The traditional village still remains inside the Nag-An Town Castle, and they have a regional food festival every October. Transverse vibrations were measured at 8 points around the castle. The measured natural frequency of the first mode was 26Hz 41Hz, and the shear modulus of filling material was 2.142 x $10^3$ ~ 8.915 x $10^3$kgf/$cm^2$ . With these results, it may be assumed that the filling material is gravel or a sand-gravel mixture. It is expected that the information provided by this paper will be useful for addressing the maintenance problems of the old castle walls.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.83-120
• /
• 2021

This article analyzes the publicness of early modern cities and the character of samurai residences as urban dwellers through the water supply and use of the Edo period in Japan. Firstly, in Edo, a megacity with a population of about one million, the Shogunate organized samurai residences (mainly those of feudal lords, Daimyo) into geographical organizations, and samurai residences paid for the repair of water facility and the water fee, just the same as the townspeople. Next, in Fukui (provincial castle town), samurai residence (Daimyo's vassal) organization for waterway didn't exist. The samurai residences were relieved of the burden of maintaining the waterways due to poverty. And, before the later Edo period, samurai vassals were not punished for violating the rules on water use, but they were eventually included in the punishment. The gap in feudal status between samurai and townspeople narrowed. It was a process of creating a modern urban society composed of equal dwellers. Although Edo and Fukui belonged to the same category as castle towns, the urban publicness and the position of samurai residences were different due to their dissimilar political positions as the Shogunate capital city and the Daimyo's provincial castle town.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
• /
• 제1호
• /
• pp.89-101
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study ins to verify the characteristic location of Byungyoung Castle, physical type, inside spatial organization, and the scheme of Byungyoung Castle. The study utilizes historic literature, ancient maps related to Byungyoung Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism and the topographical maps which were made recently by National Geographic Institute with various scales. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The result of the study is as follows; Byungyoung Castle does duty as a defensive base for the entire country and has a specific character of location that has the dual function of a mountain fortress for national defense and of a village fortress for the town. Byungyoung Castle has four gates on four sides and has a oval shape very close to a circular form. The road construction inside the castle is composed basically of a cross shape. Byungyoung is located in the northwest area of this major road system. The private houses that lie along the north-south road are build up at the core area of the lower level and the town market built up around the south gate becomes the heart of life for the people. Schematically, it has the same pattern as regular village fortress, in that the houses for the guests and the houses for the public office are arranged to the east and the west. It is considered that there is certain functional parallel between Byungyoug Castle and Ulsan castle because there are no facilities for sacrificial rites no institutional budding.

• 한국주거학회논문집
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.15-23
• /
• 2004

Namdo castle located in Namdong-ri, Imhoi-myon, Chindo-kun Cholla South Province is 610 meters long 5.3 meters high, and 20,000 square meters wide. This castle hasn't an accurate built year record. But there is still a great possibility of its having been built in the Sam-kuk (Three Kingdoms) era (around A.D. 300∼700). This castle seems to have been enlarged after 1438 because Manho-pu (lower unit of government office in Chosun dynasty) in Namdopo first appeared in the 20th year of King Sejong's reign. The main office, guest rooms, official residency of the castle were removed during the Japanese colonial rule and the land of the castle was sold separately for housing in the name of liquidation of Korean history. Thus, the Namdo castle that served as a naval base to defeat the Japan-based pirates' invasions throughout the Chosun period disappeared. As of Oct. 2000. 28 houses including a town hall occupy the site of the castle and are expected to be removed according to the restoration program of the castle. In this thesis, I'd like to study about the characteristics of housing in the site of the castle. To figure out the direction of the restoration program. I interviewed a few relating public officials in Chindo County Office. To examine the characteristics of housing, I surveyed the residents for the surrounding of housing.

• 대한지리학회지
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.321-343
• /
• 2004

이 글은 내포지역의 읍성 연구를 사례로 음성취락의 사회공간적 재편과 근대화에 접근한 것이다. 한반도의 서 남해안 일대는 방어상의 이유와 넓은 하안 충적평야, 해안 저지대의 농경제적 가치 때문에 다른 지역에 비해 우선적으로 읍성 축조가 이루어졌다. 내포지역은 그러한 대표적인 공간이다. 내포지역의 읍치경관 원형은 방위와 길흉의 연관성에 대한 전통적 관념이나 권력의 자연화 전략을 반영하며 일정한 원칙 하에 조형되면서도 국지적 단위의 시 공간성을 반영하고 있었다. 조선시대동안 초기 읍성이 지닌 공간성은 군사적 공간으로부터 점차 정치 행정적 중심지로 변화하여 갔다. 일제강점기가 되면, 전통시기의 읍치가 통치 행정 치소로서의 기능을 넘어 자본 축적의 중심, 경제와 교육의 거점, 촌락 공간의 중심지로 변모하기 시작한다. 내포지역에는 개항지가 설치되지 않았음에도 불구하고 일본인의 읍성안 토지 장악은 주요 개항지의 그것보다 훨씬 더 전면적이었다. 더욱이 읍성 공간을 천한 공간으로 여기던 전통적 인식은 조선인들의 신속한 읍성 이탈을 부추긴 반면, 읍성 공간이 갖는 정치, 경제, 사회적 중심성과 서비스업에 종사함으로써 얻은 풍부한 자본력은 일본인들의 광범위한 토지 점유를 가속화한 흡입 요인으로 작용하였다. 이미 1920년대부터 구읍성 일대는 통치 기능 외에 금융, 상업, 교육, 교통 기능의 중심지이자 새로운 도시 문제의 발원지로서 이전과는 다른 새로운 공간성을 갖게 된다. 이와 같이 일제강점기 동안의 경관 변형은 기존 거주민(조선인)에 의해서가 아닌 대체 거주민(일본인)을 통해 주도되었고, 결과적으로 그것은 형태와 기능상의 변혁이었음은 물론이고 매우 급격한 사회공간적 재편이었다.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.47-61
• /
• 2011

This study examined the background and change of building Yeongam eupseong and characteristics and construction method of its spatial structure. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, Yeongam eupseong was built for the same purpose of national border defense against the invasion of Japanese army as other Eupseongs were built and it was found first in the literature in the era of King Munjong of Joseon Dynasty with the scale of three gates and 4,369 cheok of castle wall. Such a scale was continued and in particular, according to flat structure, road network and gate position shown in the map, the form and road system of Yeongam eupseong before the 19th century were mostly identical with the current ones. Second, castle wall was built over foundation by using talcum after leveling the foundation soil and castle wall can be divided into outer wall, filling part and inner wall from the section. Outer wall was constructed by inserting and layering pebbles with big irregular stone, filling part was made with talcum and riprap and inner wall with soil in several layers by keeping gradient. This building method showed common features in inserting and layering pebbles for outer wall, use of protruded base and section form compared to Jeollado Eupseong.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 2013

Compared to Early Chosun Dynasty, the spatial structure of most local Eupseongs of Korea had a standardized change with the expansion and spread of the Rye-hak(禮學:a study of confucius Rite). Meanwhile in the process of rebuilding Eupseongs there was a tendency of relocation of the local government offices(官衙) and its attached facilities in terms of functions and use. Although it was PyeongSanseong Miryang Eupseong had an unreasonable spatial structure locating Gaeksa(客舍; accommodation house for visitors) in the middle of the local government office complex, and Dongheon(東軒;main office building) in the east of it before the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. However with the reorganization of spatial Structure of local Eupseongs after the Japanese invasion Gaeksa was moved to the foot of Adongsan where commanded a fine view of river. Dongheon was moved to the center of Eupseong for the effective management of its auxiliary organizations. It was because road system and administrative efficiency had a serious effect on deciding the location of the local government office and its attached facilities. After the Japanese invasion Hyangchoeng(鄕廳), having been out of Eupseong, also was moved to the independent location within Eupseong separate from Dongheon and Gaeksa. It seemed to take into account the autonomy of Hyangchoeng. Dongheon, Gaeksa, and Hyangchoeng which are the crucial facilities of Milyang Eupseong were arranged at each angular point of big triangle. In order to enhance the administative efficiency, the attached administrative facilities were arranged surrounding Dongheon and Hyangchoeng. The spatial structure of Milyang Eupseong in the late Choseon dynasty was of great difference from that of uniformly organized system of early Choseon Period. It was because the development of administrative function, the pursuit of efficiency, and commercial progress had a great impact on the change of urban space.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.117-132
• /
• 2010

The Great south gate of Seoul Castle, Sung-Rye-Mun, the east gate of Seoul Castle, Hung-In-Ji-Mun, the south gate of Hwa-Sung Castle, Pal-Dal-Mun and the north gate of Hwa-Sung Castle, Jang-An-Mun are typical significant castle gate of Chosun Dynasty. They have a lot in common with exterior. Additionally there are also something common in dimensions. At first, the arch dimensions of lower story is very similar and the columns of upper story are the regular intervals. Purpose of this study is to confirm similarities above mentioned were intended on purpose and if then what was the reason. The results of this study were described separately as follows. 1. The widths of the arches were based on each 16Cheok and 18Cheok. 2. The heights of the arches followed less strictly rule than the widths. 3. The widths of the arches, 16Cheok was same size as width of middle-size road (中路, Jung-Ro) inside the Castle town in Chosun Dynasty. 4. The widths of the arches, 16Cheok was the standard size of exit went through castle and then the standard size of road arrived at one's destination. 5. The widths of the arches had an effect on the intervals between the columns of the upper story. Finally we recognized that in Chos${\u{o}}$n Dynasty the widths of the gate arches in Seoul castle and Hwa-Sung castle had relevance to the city planning largely and widths of the gate arches had an effect on the intervals between the columns of the upper story partly.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.75-94
• /
• 2007

There were many researches on marine transportation and granaries, most of which focused on the historical establishment and organization of the marine transportation. However, a few researches were conducted on the architectural aspects. Hence the purposes of this study are to investigate the following matters: first, documents and relics concerning the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse in Asan, a typical granary during the Joseon Dynasty, were investigated to academically understand the castle's establishment and historical background; second, the dispositional characteristics of the granary and the castle, including its adjacent facilities, were investigated to review its archaeological value; finally, basic materials were provided for systematical preservation and management these relics. As for the research method, the author referred to and analyzed sundry records and old maps, and ascertained in detail historical evidence through residential testimonies and the on-the-spot surveys. In addition, the author investigated the dispositional characteristics of the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse by analyzing its exact size and shape, based on the old documents and an actual survey of the castle remains. The characteristics of the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse may be summarized as follows. First, tribute granary at cape Gongse is a only tribute granary which has a granary and castle. second, the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse has a curvilinear shape, like a gourd dipper; a large circle surrounding the village and a small circle surrounding the area of Mt. Shinpoong both meet up with it. Third, the construction type of the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse is in a style similar to a town castle or a battle camp castle located in the coastal regions. As for its locational conditions, however, the east gate, presumably an incoming and outgoing route to the granary for vessels, was a feature unique to the marine granary castle. Fourth, the tribute granary at Cape Gongse had a granary of eighty kan in 1523 and, in addition, there were also Bongsang-cheong, Sa-chang, Joseon-sobakcheo, Chimhae-dang, and more, not to mention many privates houses in the castle. The granary is located in the center of the tribute granary castle, where Gongse Nonghyub is currently located. The location of the government offices seemed to be on the northern ridge. Fifth, the tribute granary castle at Cape Gongse is a valuable relic that offers insight into marine transportation, tribute granaries, and tribute granary castles during the Joseon Dynasty. It has special archaeological value because it was one of only a few tribute granary castles that served to protect the tribute granaries.