• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.213-216
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• 1993

${\kappa}-Carrageenan$, an anionic polysaccharide, was employed in tablet formulations and its function as a drug release sustaining agent was investigated. Tablets composed of ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were fabricated by using direct compression method. Lactose and sodium alginate were utilized as controls for ${\kappa}-carrageenan$. Drug release experiments performed at pHs 1.2 and 7.4 revealed that ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ retains pH-dependent sustained release effects due to its anionic characteristics. Also, the ionic interaction between ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ and drugs exerted significant affects on drug release kinetics. ${\kappa}-Carrageenan$ was found out to be a useful additive for sustained release tablet formulations.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2023

The liquefaction of soil occurs when a soil loses strength and stiffness because of applied stress, such as an earthquake or other changes in stress conditions that result in a loss of cohesion. Hence, a method for improving the strength of liquefiable soil needs to be developed. Many techniques have been presented for their possible applications to mitigate liquefiable soil. Recently, alternative methods using biopolymers (such as xanthan gum, guar gum, and gellan gum), nontraditional additives, have been introduced to stabilize fine-grained soils. However, no studies have been done on the use of carrageenan as a biopolymer for soil improvement. Due to of its rheological and chemical structure, carrageenan may have the potential for use as a biopolymer for soil improvement. This research aims to investigate the effect of adding carrageenan on the soil strength of treated liquefiable soil. The biopolymers used for comparison are carrageenan (as a novel biopolymer), xanthan gum, and guar gum. Then, sand samples were made in cylindrical molds (5 cm × 10 cm) by the dry mixing method. The amount of each biopolymer was 1%, 3%, and 5% of the total sample volume with a moisture content of 20%, and the samples were cured for seven days. In terms of observing the effect of temperature on the carrageenan-treated soil, several samples were prepared with dry sand that was heated in an oven at various temperatures (i.e., 20℃ to 75℃) before mixing. The samples were tested with the direct shear test, UCS test, and SEM test. It can increase the cohesion value of liquefiable soil by 22% to 60% compared to untreated soil. It also made the characteristics of the liquefiable increase by 60% to 92% from very loose sandy soil (i.e., ϕ=29°) to very dense sandy soil. Carrageenan was also shown to have a significant effect on the compressive strength and to exceed the liquefaction limit. Based on the results, carrageenan was found to have the potential for use as an alternative biopolymer.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.749-752
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on the expression of cyclooxygenase in the spinal cord of acute inflammatory pain model. Inflammation was induced by an intraplantar injection of 1% carrageenan into the right hind paw of Sprague-Dawley. Bilateral 2 Hz EA stimulation with 0.5 mA, 1 mA and 3 mA were delivered at those acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man via the needles in carrageenan-injected rats. Three hours after carrageenan injection, effects of EA on cyclooxygenase (COX) expression were observed in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord using immunohistochemical method. The immunoreaction of COX-1 tended to increase in the superficial laminae and the neck of the dorsal horn as compared with normal. The COX-2 immunoreaction in the carrageenan-injected rat was also significantly increased in the all regions of the dorsal horn as compared with normal one. However, COX-1 immunoreaction in carrageenan-injected rat were decreased in the superficial laminae and neck of the dorsal horn by low intensity of EA stimulation. Except high intensity of EA stimulation in the superficial laminae, COX-2 expression was attenuated in all regions of the dorsal horn by all types of EA treatment. It is concluded that EA treatment may attenuate inflammatory pain in carrageenan-injected rat through modulating expression of COX-2 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2003

Objective : The role of high frequency 120 Hz electroacupuncture(EA) in carrageenan-induced pain was studied by examining the alnalgesic effects, and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ levels measurement and spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) receptor expression. Inflammation was induced by an intraplantar injection of 1% carrageenan into the right hind paw. Method : Bilateral EA stimulation with 120 Hz were delivered at those acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man via the needles for a total of 30 min duration in carrageenan-injected rats. Results : EA stimulation showed significant analgesic effects as measured by analgesy-meter at all time points tested compared with controls. Three hours after carrageenan injection, PGE2 levels were measured by commercial kit. EA significantly inhibited PGE2 production in the right paw. The number of NR1 and NR2A, NMDA receptor, immunoreactive neurons was significantly increased in the superficial dorsal horn(laminae I-II) and nucleus proprius(laminae III-IV) of ipsilateral spinal cord at L4-5. But the number of carrageenan-induced NR1 and NR2A immunoreactive neuron, especially NR1 immunoreaction in the superficial dorsal horn, was reduced by 120 Hz EA stimulation. Conclusions : These results indicate that NMDA receptors may mediate transmission of nociceptive information originating in tissue inflammation of hind paw and high frequency 120 Hz EA stimulation have an alleviating action against local inflammatory pain.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.540-551
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of mungbean starch gels containing various hydrocolloids (carrageenan, locust bean gum and xanthan gum) during room temperature storage ($25^{\circ}C$ for 24, 48 and 72 hours). Carrageenan and xanthan gum reduced the pasting viscosity of mungbean starch, whereas the locust bean gum increased the viscosity. The melting characteristics, as assessed by DSC, showed that carrageenan and xanthan gum delayed gelatinization of mungbean starch and the locust bean gum had no effect on this property. The lightness (L) of the gels with the locust bean gum was similar to that without the additive during storage, whereas that with carrageenan and xanthan gum was higher than that without the additive. Hardness, chewiness and gumminess of the gels with the locust bean gum was higher than that without the additive during storage, whereas that with carrageenan and xanthan gum was lower than that without the additive. The rupture stress, rupture strain and rupture energy of the gels with carrageenan and xanthan gum was lower than that without the additive during storage, whereas that with the locust bean gum was similar to that without the additive. In the sensory evaluation, springiness and cohesiveness of the gels with carrageenan and xanthan gum were lower than those without the additive, whereas springiness, brittleness and hardness of the gels with the locust bean gum were higher than those without the additive. In addition, the overall acceptability of the gels with the locust bean gum improved. The above results showed that carrageenan and xanthan gum lowered the quality characteristics of the mungbean starch gel and the locust bean gum improved them. Thus, the addition of 0.5% locust bean gum is an appropriate method for improving the quality characteristics of mungbean starch gel.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.319-322
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• 1998

본 실험에서는 GI 활성이 높은 alkalophilic Streptomyces sp.를 사용하여 2% $ extsc{k}$-carrageenan에 균체를 고정화 균체의 효소학적 특성을 살펴보았다. pH stability는 pH가 7.5~8.5에서 GI 활성이 가장 높았으며, reaction temperature는 7$0^{\circ}C$, Co2+는 10-3M, Mg2+는 10-3M일 때 GI 활성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2002

Prostaglandins are generated through two isoforms of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase(COX)-1 and COX-2, which is induced at sites of inflammation. Inhibition of COX-2 is desirable as this may avoid side effects seen with NSAIDs. We examined the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and cold therapy on the levels of muscle cycloooxygenase-2 mRNA in rats of carrageenan-induced inflammatory. The method of behavioral assessment were paw withdrawal latency(PWL) and tail flick test(TFT). The COX-2 mRNA levels were quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Following the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and cold therapy, PWL and TFT were increased and COX-2 mRNA expression in gastrocnemius muscles were decreased. These results suggest that a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and cold therapy were good therapy for a muscle pain.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.525-529
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• 1994

Antiinflammatory activity of an 1% flurbiprofen transdermal gel was evaluated using the carrageenan-Induced rat paw edema method. The application of 50 mg of the gel on the rat hind paw, at various time intervals from 0 to 24 hrs before the carrageenan injection, significantly inhibited edema formation in all groups of dosed rats, indicating that the antiinflammatory activitv was maintained up to 24 hrs after the transdermal application of the 1% flurbiprofen gel. The topical $ED_{50}$ of flurbiprofen in the gel was 1.0 mg/kg, whereas the oral $ED_{50}$ of the drug in a suspension was 1.7 mg/kg.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1994

The antiinflammatory and antirheumatic activities of a 3% ketoprofen gel (ID-GEL) were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema method and adjuvant-induced arthritis method, respectively, after its transdermal administration of 50 mg on rat paws in reference to existing transdermal preparations containing 3% ketoprofen and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The % inhibition of carrageenan-induced edema by ID-GEL was 56.2-65.0%, close to the maximum inhibition obtainable with this model, while the % inhibition by existing 3% ketoprofen gels and other NSAID transdermal preparations were 33.8-47.7% and 18.7-29.2%, respectively. ID-GEL had a pronounced antirheumatic activity in both preventive and curative studies with adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats in respect with the inhibition of edema, arthritis score and weight gain, in reference to existing 3% ketoprofen gel.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.902-907
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• 2007

감마선 조사가 alginic acid와 ${\lambda}$-carrageenan의 물리적 특성 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 100 kGy의 감마선을 alginic acid와 ${\lambda}$-carrageenan 용액에 조사하여 분자량, 점도, 색도의 변화를 측정하였다. Alginic acid 수용액의 0${\sim}$100 kGy범위의 감마선 처리는 약 1,600 kDa에서 4.5 kDa까지 저분자화를 가져왔고, ${\lambda}$-carrageenan 수용액은 1,300 kDa에서 4.5 KDa까지 분자량이 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 점도 측정 결과 alginic acid의 경우 29.4 cP에서 조사선량에 비례하여 감소하였으며 20 kGy 조사구에서는 1.23 cP로 낮아졌다. ${\lambda}$-Carrageenan은 23.1 cP에서 1.02 cP로 조사선량이 증가할수록 점도는 감소하였다. 명도는 alginic acid는 조사구가 비조사구보다 높게 나타났으며 ${\lambda}$-carrageenan은 높거나 유사하게 나타났다. 적색도는 alginic acid와 ${\lambda}$-carrageenan 모두 선량에 비례하여 감소하였으며, 황색도는 100 kGy 조사구에서 비조사구에 비해 매우 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 alginic acid와 ${\lambda}$-carrageenan 용액에 감마선을 조사할 경우 20 kGy 미만의 저선량에서 조사선량이 증가할수록 분자량과 점도가 유의성있게 감소하였으며, 100 kGy의 고선량 조사를 제외하고는 갈변이 일어나지 않아 감마선 조사가 alginic acid와 ${\lambda}$-carrageenan의 저분자화에 매우 유용한 방법으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.