• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.205-227
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• 2021

Objectives : Jigal-san (JGS, 止渴散) has been used in East Asia including Korea, Japan and China for the treatment of breast inflammatory disorders and severe thirst. JGS originated from Euimunpalbeob (醫門八法; Yimenbafa) composed of Lonicerae Flos and Taraxaci Herba. According to previous studies Lonicerae Flos and Taraxaci Herba have an anti-inflammatory effect, respectively. But, there is no studies regarding on the effects of JGS in the immunological activities. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of JGS in vitro and in vivo. Methods : Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay, and NO was evaluated by content of the nitrite content in culture medium. TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were quantified by ELISA. The protein expression of NF-κB, MAPKs, and iNOS were assessed by western blot analysis. Furthermore, the effects of JGS on acute inflammation were observed in rat paw edema model. Results : The JGS ameliorates the LPS-activated changes in the protein expression of NF-κB, p-JNK, and iNOS, as well as the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In rat paw edema study, administration of 0.3 and 1.0 g/kg of JGS for 4 consecutive days inhibited the carrageenan (CA)-induced increases of edema and iNOS expression. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that JGS has anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through decreasing the production of inflammatory mediators, via suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways (JNK, not p-38 and ERK). In addition, the results of the CA-induced paw edema indicate that JGS ameliorates an inflammatory edema. Therefore, the present study could provide scientific evidence for the anti-inflammatory effect of JGS as well as the underlying mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.4 s.135
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• pp.327-334
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• 2003

We evaluated the anti-arthritic effect of a new diet-supplement product containing red ginseng, glucosamine, shark cartilage, ascorbic acid and manganese chloride for the relieving arthritic symptoms. Anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of red ginseng (250 and 500 mg/kg), glucosamine (240 mg/kg) and shark cartilage (240 mg/kg) were tested individually on vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema. Glucosamine and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of vascular permeability by 29.6 and 32.9%, respectively. Red ginseng (500 mg/kg) and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hr. The supplement (red ginseng mixture: RGM) composed of red ginseng (43.5%), glucosamine (25.0%), shark cartilage (25.0%), ascorbic acid (5.0%) and manganese chloride (1.5%) was prepared and its inhibitory activities including vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema were comparable to anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac and ibuprofen. It was also tested on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats as one of chronic arthritic tests and Randall-Selitto assay as an analgesic test. RGM showed the inhibition against the swelling of rat paws induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg. Determination of cytokines of the sera sampled from arthritis-induced animals indicated that RGM increased the levels of $interferon-{\gamma}$ and interleukin-6, representing the immunostimulatory effect by red ginseng. RGM treatment moderately reduced the production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results support that RGM can be applicable for the improvement of arthritic as a new diet-supplement.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1061-1066
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• 2003

The fruit of Actinidia polygama (AP) has long been used as a folk medicine in Korea for treating pain, rheumatic arthritis and inflammation. The present investigation was carried out to determine the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of AP using several animal models of inflammation. The 70% ethanol extract of the fruit of AP significantly inhibited acetic acidinduced, vascular permeability in a dose dependent manner (23%, 38%, and 41 % inhibition at doses of 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, respectively). This effect was maintained in AP water-soluble fraction (APW). The APW fraction also showed significant inhibitory activity against the rat paw edema induced by a single treatment of carrageenan. In vitro experiments were performed to demonstrate the inhibitory activities of APW (100 $\mu$ g/ml) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production. The results showed that APW dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages without a notable cytotoxic effect and also decreased inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein expression. APW also showed a significant inhibitory effect in LPS-induced $PGE_2$ production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.385-394
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• 1995

Antiinflammatory activities of the solvent fractionates of several herbal medicines were investigated and SKI306X was prepared from the active principles of three herbal medicines, Prunella vulgaris, Trichosantlies kirilowii and Clematis mandshurica. SK1306X was shown to have strong inhibitory effects on acetic acid-induced pain, carrageenan-induced paw edema and adjuvant induced arthritis. LD50 of SKI306X was more than 5 g/kg in rat, so generally nontoxic. Chemical analysis revealed that oleanolic acid and rutin, which are known to have various antiinflammatory activities, were contained in it. These results suggest SK1306-X may become a useful drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.182-195
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of triamcinolone acetonide by iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery on anti-inflammatory action into the rats and which had carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and edema in the feet, trauma-induced tissue damage in the thigh. Each group was treated under the fellowing conditions. 1. Group I : Control group 2. Group II : Application of direct current 3. Group III : Application of 0.1$\%$ triamcinolone acetonide solution 4. Group IV : Iontophoresis of 0.1$\%$ triamcinolone acetonide solution The degree of anti-inflammation was evaluated by the paw withdrawal latency, the change in volume of foot the change of paw edema, histological change in rats. 1. In paw withdrawal latency, group IV showed the most significant therapeutic effect than the other groups at 0, 3, 6 and 9 hours(p < 0.001). 2. In paw edema experiment in the foot, group IV showed the most significant effect than group I at 0, 3, 6 and 9 hours. It meant that there was effective anti-inflammatory reaction in group I (p < 0.001). 3. In the light microscopic observation, group IV showed the most significant reduction of haemorrhage, hyperemia and infiltrative inflammation. From the results, the iontophoresis with triamcinolone acetonide is more effective than using each groups. It is one of the effective physical agent which delivered large molecular weight drug into the body. The continuous study is needed for many interesting issues of iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery in new future.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.4 s.143
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• pp.311-317
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• 2005

GCSB-5 is a purified extract from a mixture of 6 Oriental herbs (Ledebouriellae Radix, Achyranthis Radix, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Cibotii Rhizoma, Glycine Semen, and Eucommiae Cortex) that have been widely used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the East Asia. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of GCSB-5. The animals used in this study were administered either vehicle or GCSB-5 (30, 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg) orally. The GCSB-5 significantly inhibited the increased of acetic acid-induced vascular permeability (30.9%-34.2% inhibition at 30-300 mg/kg). The swelling of the rat's hind paw induced by carrageenan was significantly inhibited by GCSB-5 in doses of 100, 300, and 600 mg/kg. Maximal inhibition (50.9%) was obtained with GCSB-5 at dose of 300 mg/kg. However, it did not have any anti-inflammatory action in the rheumatoid arthritis induced by Freund's complete adjuvant or in the granuloma induced by carrageenan. Our finding suggest that GCSB-5 has a anti-inflammatory activity.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2009

Although many species of Asparagus have been studied scientifically and shoots are used in the diet of Sardinians, there is very little literature available on the medicinal uses of Asparagus acutifolius Linn. The acetone-ethanol (1:1) extract was screened for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic activities. The extract showed good anti-oxidant activity in DPPH, hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide radical assays. The extract also exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and adaptogenic activity in the milk induced leucocytosis assay in rats. The results of the present study suggest need to investigate other pharmacological activities of Asparagus acutifolius.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.94.2-94.2
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• 2003

CJ-11668 is a new potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor. CJ-11668 showed COX-2 inhibition (IC50) of 65nM and selectivity ratio (COX-l/COX-2) of 770 in the cell based assay. In the human whole blood assay, CJ-11668 showed COX-2 inhibition (IC50) of 370nM and selectivity ratio (COX-l/COX-2), 135. The treatment of CJ-11668 (5 mg/kg, p.o) produced a significant inhibition (35%) of inflamed rat paw volume in the carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. CJ-11668 also suppressed the PGE2 level (69% inhibition, 1 mg/kg, p.o) in the zymosan-induced mouse air pouch model after 3 hrs. (omitted)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.406-410
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• 1998

Biflavonoid is one of unique classes of naturally-occurring bioflavonoids. Certain biflavonoids including amentoflavone were previously reported to have inhibitory effect on the group 11 phospholipase $A_2$ activity. Amentoflavone was also found to inhibit cyclooxygenase from guinea-pig epidermis without affecting lipoxygenase. In this study, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of amentoflavone were evaluated. When amentoflavone was administered intraperitoneally, it showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity as determined by amelioration of croton-oil induced mouse ear edema. It also showed a potent anti-inflammatory activity in the rat carrageenan paw edema model ($ED_{50}$=42 mg/kg) compared to the activity of prednisolone (35 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg). However, amentoflavone did not show a significant inhibitory activity against rat adjuvant-induced arthritis, a chronic inflammatory model. In addition, amentoflavone was found to possess a potent analgesic activity in the acetic acid writhing test ($ED_{50}$=9.6 mg/kg) compared to the activity of indomethacin (3.8 mg/kg). These results suggest that amentoflavone may be a potential lead for a new type of anti-inflammatory agents having dual inhibitory activity of group 11 phospholipase $A_2$ and cyclooxygenase.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.181-194
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TENS and cold application on secondary thermal hyperalgesia in rats induced by muscle pain. Muscle pain was induced in male Sprague-Dowley rats by intra-muscular injection of gastrocnemius with $3\%$ carrageenan. The paw withdrawal latency(PWL) and tail flick test(TFT) to heat were used to detect secodary thermal hyperalgesia induced by the muscle pain. PWL and TFT were quantified before and 4, 10, and 24 h after induction of muscle pain and after application of TENS(100Hz, $100{\mu}s$, sensory intensity) and cold($4^{\circ}C$). TENS and cold significantly reduced the PWL and TFT to heat stimuli when compared with controls receiving no TENS and cold(p<.05). These results suggested that application of TENS and cold attributed to decrease secodary thermal hyperalgesia in rat induced by muscle pain.