• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.195-211
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• 1986

The object of this study is to obtain fundamental data on cultured fishes produced in Korea to improve their food components. For this purpose, the food components of cultured fresh water fishes such as eel, Anguilla japonica, snakehead, Channa argus, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were investigated and compared with those of the wild ones. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Common characteristics in the proximate composition were that wild fish was higher in crude protein content and lower in crude lipid content than those of cultured one. 2. Among the 9 kinds of minerals analyzed in all the samples, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium contents were absolutely predominant being more than $99.52\%$. These four elements in feedstuff also occupied $99.68{\sim}99.92%$ of total minerals. 3. The neutral lipids of wild and cultured eel, snakehead and common carp occupied $55.7{\sim}95.8%$ of lipid fractions, while the content of the phospholipids in snakehead was particularly higher than those of others. 4. The neutral lipids of wild and cultured eel, snakehead and common carp mainly consisted of triglycerides ($85{\sim}95%$), and a little quantity of diglycerides, monoglycerides, free sterol ester and hydrocarbon were also identified in the neutral lipid. 5. The phospolipids of eel and common carp were mainly occupied by phosphatidyl choline ($71.3{\sim}83.9%$), followed by phosphatidyl ethanolamine ($12.1{\sim}23.5%$) and phosphatidyl serine ($7.5{\sim}13.8%$). The phospholipids of snakhead consisted of phosphatidyl choline ($50.7{\sim}64.5%$), phosphatidyl ethanolamine ($28.0{\sim}35.5%$) and phosphatidyl serine ($7.5{\sim}13.8%$). Generally, phosphatidyl choline content was higher in wild fish than in cultured one, while phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine contents were higher in cultured one. 6. The major fatty acids in total lipid of wild eel, snakehead and common carp were $C_{16:0}\;and\;C_{20:5}$, while those in cultured ones were $C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2}\;and\;C_{22:6}$. The fatty acid composition of neutral lipids showed similar tendency to that of total lipid, and the main fatty acids in phospholipids of cultured fishes were $C_{18:1}\;and\;C_{18:2}$. In glycolipids, $C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ were higher in wild fishes, while $C_{18:2}$ were higher in cultured ones. 7. Total amino acids contents of wild and cultured eel were nearly the same, being $16.65\%$ ana $15.99\%$ respectively. The major amino acids of wild and cultured fish were glutamic acid, leucine, aspartic acid and lysine in order. In snakehead, the contents of aspartic acid and proline in cultured fish were higher than those in wild one, while the contents of glutamic acid, alanine, glycine were higher in the wild one. Total amino acid content of cultured common carp was $21.7\%$ compared with $17.08\%$ in wild one. The contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, proline and alanine occupied higher quantities in cultured common carp compared with those in wild one while the other amino acids revealed no significant difference. 8. Aspartic acid in free amino acids of cultured eel held $1.0\%$ of total free amino acids, while that in wild eel held $2.9\%$. Histidine, arginine and tyrosine content of cultured fish were two times higher than those of wild one. But free amino acid composition of samples seemed to be no marked differences according to cultured places. The contents of arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, methionine and phenylalanine of snakehead ware higher in wild one than in cultured one, while the contents of lysine, histidine, glycine, and alanine ware higher in cultured one. In free amino acids content of wild common carp, histidine, glycine and lysine occupied $76.9\%$ of total free amino acids. Lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, alanine, valine and leucine were higher in wild one compared with those of cultured one, while glycine and tyrosine contents were higher in cultured fish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.271-279
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• 1984

Effects of temperature and additives on the stability of actomyosin extracted from skeletal muscle of Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus, were studied by analyzing free SH-group, ATP-sensitivity and Ca-ATPase activity. The used additives were sucrose, sorbitol, Na-glutamate and L-cysteine. Furthermore, the denaturation constant($K_D$), protective effect(${\Delta}E/M$) and the other thermo-dynamic parameters on protein denaturation are systematically discussed. The actomyosin showed $4.12{\sim}4.68 mg/ml$ in protein concentration, $2.63{\sim}2.93\%$ in ribonucleic acid to the protein, $1:2.20{\sim}2.63$ in the binding ratio of myosin and actin, $4.33{\sim}5.26\%$ in fat content, 109.78 in ATP-sonsitivity, $0.159{\sim}0.201\;{\mu}M-Pi/min/mg-protein$ in Ca-ATPase activity and $3.3{\sim}3.4M/10^5$g-protein in free SH-group content. The first-order rate plots were obtained on the decrease of Ca-ATPase activity and ATP-sensitivity with an increase in temperature, while the free SH-group was increased to $60^{\circ}C$ and decreased rapidly above the temperature. The half-life of Ca-ATPase activity on the actomyosin Ca-ATPase was 280 min at $12^{\circ}C$, 125 min at $20^{\circ}C$, 55 min at $30^{\circ}C$ and 13 min at $40^{\circ}C$, and activation energy, activation enthalpy, activation entropy and free energy of the proteins at $20^{\circ}C$ wene 5,395 cal/mole, 4,814 cal/mole, -40.42 e.u. and 17,626 cal/mole, respectively. The protective effect of the additives on the actomyosin Ca-ATPase showed that the most effective material is $3\%$ sorbitol and followed in the order of $8\%$ Na-glutamate, $1\%$ sucrose and $1\%$ L-cysteine. The actomyosin was more stable at $-30^{\circ}C$ than at $0^{\circ}C$ and $-20^{\circ}C$. and when the additives were used in the low temperature storage, $8\%$ Na-glutamate was the most effective. $3\%$ sorbitol, $1\%$ sucrose and $1\%$ L-cysteine was to become lower in the order.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.241-252
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• 1990

In a basic attempt to develop the prophylactic and therapeutic measures on intestinal giantcystic disease of the Israel carp, C), prinks carpio nudum, the effects of physical and chemical factors on viability or survival of the spores of Thelchcnellus kiteuei were checked in vitro by means of extrusion test on the polar filament. When the fresh spores suspended with 0.45% and 0.9% scdium chloride solution and distilled water were laid at $5^{\circ}C$ and $28^{\circ}C$ for short terms, the extrusion rates increased until the 3rd day, meanwhile when son;e of them were suspended with Tyrode's solution at $-70^{\circ}C$ the rates increased gradually until the 8th day. Viabilities of the spores suspended with 0.9% saline and added antibiotics to the suspension at $5^{\circ}C$ for long terms lasted for 997 days and 1, 256 days (presumed values) at maximum, respectively. The spores suspended with distilled water at $28^{\circ}C$ for long terms survived 152.4 days, but the spores suspended with Tyrode's solution at $-70^{\circ}C$ for long terms showed almost the same viable pattern as early freezing stages up to 780 days. The spores suspended with Tyrode's solution, frozen at $-70^{\circ}C$ and thawed at $5^{\circ}C$, showed the highest rate of extrusion of the polar filament. In the case of frozen spores, the extrusion rates during heating tend to become higher in accordance with the increase of frozen period, and the critical points of 180 day-frozen spores to be killed were generally 78.5 hr. at $60^{\circ}C$, 23.4 hr. at $70^{\circ}C$, 189.1 min. at $80^{\circ}C$ or 10.5 min. at $90^{\circ}C$. The longer the spores were frozen, the more time was needed for the death of spores after thawing; 20 days-17.4 days, 100 days-33.2 days, and 400 days-37.8 days. The longer the spores were frozen, the more time was needed for the death of spores at a conventional when they were dried air drying condition, 540 days-23.5 days, 160 days-21.0 days, and 20 days-14.4 days. On the other hand, the longer the spores were frozen, the more spores were dead rapidly when they were irradiated with 10W UV-ray; 100 days-26.0 hr, 300 days-21.9 hr, and 540 days-13.9 hr. The time needed for killing 200 days-frozen spores by various disinfectants at 1, 000 ppd was 5.2 min. by calcium oxide, 10.4 min. by potassium permanganate, 27.8 min. by malachite green and 14.3 hr. by formalin. Transient inhibitory effects of the extrusion of the polar filament were observed by various antiprotozoal and antifungal agents in the descending order of ketoconazole. metronidasole and dapsone. The above results presume that full drying, followed by spraying CaO and maintaining sunny condition for a few days on the concrete bottoms of knish farm may be an effective method for the prevention of intestinal giant.cystic disease.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-90
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• 1989

Feeding proper level of ration matchable with the appetite of fish will enhance production and also prevent waste of food and its consequence, side effects such as pollution of culture medium. To pursue this goal, elaborate studies on dissolved oxygen concentrations- as the major force in inducing appetite and the growth outcome are necessary. The growth of common carp of 67, 200, 400, 600, and 800 gram size groups was studied at oxygen concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 6 mg/$\iota$ in relation to rations from 1 to as many percent of the initial body weight as could be consumed under constant temperature of $25^{\circ}C$. The results from the experiments are summarized as followings; 1. Appetite: The smaller fish exhibited higher degree of appetite than the bigger ones at the same oxygen concentrations. The bigger the fish the less tolerant it was to the lower oxygen thersholds, and the degree of tolerence decreased as ration level increased. 2. Growth : Growth rate (percent per day) increased - unless consumption was suppressed by low oxygen levels- as the ration was increased to maximum. In case of 67 g fish, it reached the highest point of $5.05\%$ / day at $7\%$ ration under 5.0 mg/$\iota$ of oxygen. In case of 200 g fish, the maximum growth rate of $3.75\%$/day appeared at the maximum ration of $6\%$ under 5.5 mg/$\iota$ of oxygen. In 400 g fish, the highest growth of $3.37\%$/day occurred at the maximum ration of $5\%$ and 6.0 mg/$\iota$ of oxygen. In 600 g fish, the highest growth rate of $2.82\%$ /day was at the maximum ration of $4\%$ under 5.5 mg/$\iota$ oxygen. In case of 800g fish, the highest growth rate of $1.95\%$/day was at maximum tested ration of $3\%$ under 5.0 mg/$\iota$ oxygen. 3. Food Conversion Efficiency: Food conversion efficiency ($\%$ dry feed converted into the fish tissue) first increased as the ration was increased, reached maximum at certain food level, then started decreasing with further increase in the ration. The maximum conversion efficiency stood at higher feeding rate for the smaller fish than the larger ones. In case of 67 g fish, the maximum food conversion efficiency was at $4\%$ ration within 3.0-4.0 mg/$\iota$ oxygen. In 200g fish, the maximum efficiency was at $3\%$ ration within 4.0-4.5 mg/$\iota$ oxygen. In 400g fish, the maximum efficiency was at $2\%$ ration within 4.0 - 4.5 mg/$\iota$ oxygen. In 600 and 800g fish, the maximum conversion efficiency shifted to the lowest ration ($1\%$) and lower oxygen ranges. 4. Behaviour: The fish within uncomfortably low oxygen levels exhibited suppressed appetite and movements and were observed to pass feces quicker and in larger quantity than the ones in normal condition; in untolerably low oxygen the fish were lethargic, vomited, and had their normal skin color changed into pale yellow or grey patches. All these processes contributed to reducing food conversion efficiency. On the other hand, the fish within relatively higher oxygen concentrations exhibited higher degree of movement and their food conversion tended to be depressed when compared with sister groups under corresponding size and ration within relatively low oxyen level. 5. Suitability of Oxygen Ranges to Rations: The oxygen level of 2.0- 2.5 mg/$\iota$ was adequate to sustain appetite at $1\%$ ration in all size groups. As the ration was increased higher oxygen was required to sustain the fish appetite and metabolic activity, particularly in larger fish. In 67g fish, the $2\%$ ration was well supported by 2.0-2.5 mg/$\iota$ range; as the ration increased to $5\%$, higher range of 3.0-4.0 mg/$\iota$ brought better appetite and growth; from 5 till $7\%$ (the last tested ration for 67 g fish) oxygen levels over 4.0 mg/$\iota$ could sustain appetite. In 200 g fish, the 2 and $3\%$ rations brought the best growth and conversion rates at 3.5-4.5 mg/$\iota$ oxygen level; from 3 till $6\%$ (the last tested ration at 200 g fish) oxyge groups over 4.5 mg/$\iota$ were matchable with animal's appetite. In 400, 600, and 800 g fish, all the rations above $2\%$ had to be generally supported with oxygen levels above 4.5 mg/$\iota$.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 1997

The early life history and reproductive ecology of Siniperca scherzeri were studied to obtain fundamental information in aquaculture and reinforcement of natural population in Soyang Lake, Buk-myon, Chunchon-shi, Kangwon-do from June to October 1996. Symptric species with adult fishes (+1 ages) of Siniperca scherzeri were 11 species belonging to 6 families and 10 genera and those with Juveniles (2~3 months) were 5 species belonging to 4 families and 5 genera. The sex radio of this species were 1 (female, 85) : 1.24 (male, 105). Adult and juvenile of this species were predominantly piscivores. Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, Zacco platypus, common carp, Cyprinus carpio, unidentified fish and shrimp were important components of the food items. The spherical eggs were demersal and separative without a colorless transparent chorion and slightly yellowish yolk containing one large oil globule (0.5~0.7mm). The egg just after fertilization were measuring 1.72~2.05mm (n=30), and expanded to 2.27~2.58mm (n=30) in diameter after 30 min. Hatching occurred 130~155 hrs after fertilization at water temperature of $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and newly hatched larvae measuring 5.5~7.1mm in total length. In the newly hatched larvae, numerous branched malanophores were distributed on the yolk and abdomen of caudal peduncle. In ten-day old larvae, the yolk was mostly absorbed and the head spines and the teeth were well developed. All fin rays were formed and total length of the larvae were reached 13.6~15.6mm at 20 days after hatching. In fifty-five day old larvae were similar in both body shape and color to adult. The juvenile stage at 4 months after hatching were attained 86.4~95.3mm (n=7) in total length and 8.77~14.78g (n=7) in body weight.