• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.509-513
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• 1997

Rhodopseudomonas capsulata H161에 다량 축적되어 있는, 천연 색소 자원으로 중요한 carotenoid 색소 생성조건을 검토하기 위하여 본 실험을 행하였다. Rhodopseudomonas capsulata H161이 생성하는 주된 carotenoid는 spheroidene, rhodovibrin, spirilloxanthin, lycopene이었다. 본 균주는 anaerobic light, 온도 3$0^{\circ}C$, pH 7.4, 광도 5,000Lux에서 5일간 배양하였을 때 균체 생성과 carotenoid 생성량이 최대치를 보여주었다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.355-362
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• 2004

Studies on extraction and color stability of carotenoids from astringent persimmon(Diospyros kaki) were performed to provide the basic information for the utilization of persimmon pigment as a new source of natural food colorant. The major carotenoids in astringent persimmon were beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and beta-carotene. Beta-cryptoxanthin was the first major pigment and lycopene the next. Total carotenoid content in persimmon calculated as beta-carotene equivalent was 107.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g. The data indicated that the astringent persimmon was a good source of carotenoid pigment. The physical and chemical stabilities of carotenoid from astringent persimmon were investigated at various conditions of temperature, pH and antioxidant. The effects of oxygen and light on the stability of carotenoid pigment has been investigated. The factors that cause the discoloration were visible light, temperature above 60, pH below 5 and oxygen. Especially, the carotenoid pigment was very sensitive to light and oxygen. Carotenoid stability was much improved with increasing nitrogen concentration in the atmosphere. Persimmon pigments have been found to be most stable at 5∼10. And tocopherol was the most effective inhibitor of the pigment discoloration.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.503-512
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• 1998

Fine structure of the cutaneous pigments in the black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans are studied with light and electron microscopes. The cutaneous pigments are only observed in epidermal layer just beneath the cuticle. These pigments are compactly distributed around the spinnerets which located at caudal area of the abdomen. According to the fine structural characteristics of the pigment granules, two main types of guanine pigment granules-carotenoid vesicles and reflecting platelets - are observed in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. Morphological features of these pigment granules are characterized as the electron dense carotenoid vesicles and the electron lucent reflecting platelets. Marginal electron density of the carotenoid vesicle is different from that of internal region, whereas the reflecting platelets have laminated crystalline granules. Typiral structures of these pigment granules are very similar to those of invertebrate's chromatophores, especially erythrophores and iridophores. Moreover differentiation of these pigment granules are also originated from the small vesicles of Golgi complexes similarly to those of cutaneous chromatophores.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1239-1243
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• 1999

The optimal medium composition for the production of carotenoid pigment from Haloarcular sp. EH 1 as a dietary for fishes were 1.0% sucrose, 1.0% yeast extract, 25% sodium chloride, 0.3% sodium citrate, 0.2% potassium chloride, 2.0% magnesium sulphate, 0.002% ferric sulphate(pH 7.0). The incubation temperate, aeration rate and agitation speed were 40oC, 100ml medium/500ml vol. shaking flask, and 180 rpm/min. The carotenoid pigment production was highest after 5 days of incubation with the light.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.261-271
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• 1986

무당개구리(Bombina orientalis Boulenger)背皮의 청록색 발현에 관여하는 黃色素細胞(xanthophore)의 분화과정을 광학 및 전자 현미경으로 관찰하였다. 성체의 개구리에서 관찰되는 황색소세포는 pterinosome과 carotenoid vesicle등 2가지 색소과립을 함유하고 있으며, 진피의 다른 색소세포들과 複合體를 이루어 기저막을 따라 길게 세포질의 돌기를 뻗고 있었다. 최초의 황생소세포는 幼生期의 섭식시기를 전후하여 진피층에 나타나는 rER이 풍부한 세포와 Golgi complex가 풍부한 세포로부터 發生, 分化하며 변태의 각 단계를 거치면서 점진적으로 색소과립의 형성이 이루어진다. 변태가 완료되는 시기를 전후하여 pterinosnme의 급격한 증가현상이, 그리고 동면기 이후에는 carotenoid vesicle의 증가 현상이 관찰되는데, 이들 색소과립은 분화의 정도에 따라 여러 가지 구조를 나타내었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.331-335
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• 1997

The stability of carotenoid pigments extracted from Chrysanthemum petals against pH, sugar, and organic acid was investigated. The contents of total carotenoids in C. boreale and C. morifolium were 3.37mg% and 4.56mg% Per fresh weight, respectively. The elect of pH on the stability of extracted carotenoids showed that the periods reaching 50% of pigment retention were more than 5 to 6 days in pH 4, and the longer periods in pH 6 to 7 in both samples. The addition of sugars such as sucrose, sorbitol, glucose and fructose resulted in the reduction in pigment stability of C. boreale, but C. morifolium was contrast to C. boreale. However, citric acid and ascorbic acid were found to have a protective effect on both carotenoid samples extracted from C. boreale and C. morifolium.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.508-512
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• 1999

In order to qualify and quantify carotenoid pigment of pumpukin were analyzed by HPLC column chromatography and spectrophotometry. Eightyseven percent of total carotenoids in the pumpkin was in the fiber amounting 65.33mg%. however flesh and skin contained 6.61 and 3.31mg% respectvely. A silica gel column chromatography of the carotenoids produced 2 different peaks. The components eluted in peak II showed blue color when treated with hydrochloric acid. The fact suggested it contained epoxide and the component in peak II was a monol. By the separation with HPLC. $\alpha$ and $\beta$-carotene were the major compounds in the carotenoids. In fiber the total $\beta$-carotene content was 1.6 times higher than in the flesh and skin. The fiber contained less unidentified compounds than other part which contained 27.3~32.8%.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.128-132
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• 2007

The red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (previously named Phaffia rhodozyma) produces astaxanthin pigment among many carotenoids. The mutant X. dendrorhous G276 was isolated by chemical mutagenesis. The mutant produced about 2.0 mg of carotenoid per g of yeast cell dry weight and 8.0 mg/L of carotenoid after 5 days batch culture with YM media; in comparison, the parent strain produced 0.66 mg/g of yeast cell dry weight and a carotenoid concentration of 4.5 mg/L. We characterized the utilization of carbon sources by the mutant strain and screened various edible plant extracts to enhance the carotenoid production. The addition of Perilla frutescens (final concentration, 5%) or Allium fistulosum extracts (final concentration, 1%) enhanced the pigment production to about 32 mg/L. In a batch fermentor, addition of Perilla frutescens extract reduced the cultivation time by two days compared to control (no extract), which usually required five-day incubation to fully produce astaxanthin. The results suggest that plant extracts such as Perilla frutescens can effectively enhance astaxanthin production.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.529-531
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• 1996

Muricellaxanthin, a novel carotenoid pigment has been isolated by activity-guided separation from an undescribed gorgonian of the genus Muricella collected from Jaeju Island. Structure of this compound has been determined by a combination of spectral methods. Stereochemistry has been defined by interpretation of nOe data and comparison of CD data with related compounds. Muricellaxanthin exhibited potent lethality against brine-shrimp larvae.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2004

미이용자원인 어류 carotenoid에 관한 비교 생화학적 연구의 일환으로서, 메기과의 자연산 및 양식산 메기와 한국 특산의 담수어류인 미유기의 표피 carotenoid를 TLC, column chromatography 및 HPLC로 분리하고 NaBH$_4$에 의한 환원반응, I$_2$에 의한 이성화반응 및 UV-visible spectrophotometer로 비교하고 IR 및 Mass spectrum을 측정하여 carotenoid를 동정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 자연산 메기 표피의 총 carotenoid 함량은 0.27 mg($\pm$0.7)%였으며 carotenoid의 조성은 zeaxanthin 25.8%, diatoxanin 9.7% 및 cynthiaxanthin 9.1%로서 주성분을 이루고 있었으며 그 외 isocryptoxanthin 6.5%, $\beta$-carotene 5.1%, $\beta$-cryptoxanthin 4.3%, lutein 3.4% 및 $\alpha$-cryptoxantin 2.4%의 순으로 함유하고 있었다. 양식산 메기 표피의 총 carotenoid 함량은 0.07 mg($\pm$0.03)%로서 자연산 메기에 비해 다소 낮았으며, carotenoid의 조성은 lutein 48.5%, zeaxanin 13.9% 및 isocryptoxanin 13.3%로서 주성분을 이루고, 그 외 $\beta$-carotene 9.5%, $\beta$-cryptoxantin 1.4% 및 $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin 4.6%의 순으로 함유하고 있었다. 한편 미유기 표피의 총 carotenoid 함량은 0.75 mg($\pm$0.25)%로서 메기과의 다른 어종에 비해 함량이 높았으며, carotenoid 조성은 zeaxanthin 24.5%, 7'8'-dihydro-$\beta$ -carotene-4-ol 24.1%, 7'8'-dihydro-$\beta$-carotene 17.9% 및 7'8'-dihydro-$\beta$-carotene-3-ol 10.8%로서 주성분을 이루고 있었으며 그 외 diatoxanthin 8.7%, cynthiaxanthin 6,7% 및 lutein 5.0%의 순으로 함유하고 있었다. 이러한 결과는 parasiloxanthin과 7',8'-dihyo-parasiloxanthin을 주성분으로 함유하는 biwa호수 메기, P. asotus 표피 carotenoid 조성과 비교하여, 미유기에서는 7'8'-dihydro-$\beta$-carotene의 구조를 가진 carotenoid가 존재하였으나 자연산 및 양식산 메기에서는 발견되지 않아 특이하였다.