• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.240-246
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• 1994

This study was designed to determine the optimum pigment concentration supplemented in diet and feeding periods on the pigmentation of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) by using acetone-extracts of ascidian tunic as a natural pigment source. The eight pigmented diets contained carotenoid of ascidian tunic extracts at concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 800, 1,600 and 3,200mg/kg of diet, carophyll pink at concentration of 800mg/kg and commercial diet. No difference in pigment concentration was found between the ascidian extracts group and the control group until 4 weeks, but the redness of muscle and integument in the 1,600, 3,200mg/kg diet and carophyll pink was increased in the dorsal and caudal areas of fish from 6 weeks of age. In the sensory panel test, fish fed the ascidian tunic extracts diet were similar to those fed the carophyll pink diet. The optimum concentration and feeding periods for pigmentation of rainbow trout was found to be ascidian tunic extracts of 1,600mg/kg diet for 8 weeks.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.393-408
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• 1996

The effect of various levels of ascidian tunic extracts and carophyll pink on the growth rate, pigmentation, lipid and total cholesterol accumulation, and fatty acid compositions were studied in kuruma prawn, Penaeus japonicus. The kuruma prawn was fed the purified diets with or without ascidian tunic extract and carophyll pink at the levels of 100, 200, and 400 ppm for 8 weeks. In the experiment diet with ascidian tunic extracts or carophyll pink, the values of daily growth rate were ranged between $1.065\;to\;1.292%$, compared with control group. The content of astaxanthin in kuruma prawn was not significantly affected by the feeding levels of tunic extracts. Feeding of the tunic extracts, on the other hand, increased the kuruma prawn lipid and total cholesterol content, and pigment deposition in concentration-dependent manners without influencing the free astaxanthin concentration of prawn flesh and heads between two feeding groups(200 and 400 ppm). And it was also demonstrated that the dietary astaxanthin was deposited in kuruma prawn body tissue mainly as astaxanthin esters. The results suggest that the best feeding strategy for pigmentation in kuruma prawns is the diets with ascidian tunic extracts at the level of 4g/kg feed (200 ppm) for 8 weeks.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.381-390
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• 2006

Astaxanthine is a pigment that belongs to the family of the xanthophylls, the oxygenated derivatives of carotenoids whose synthesis in plants derives from lycopene. Astaxanthine is also a carotenoid widely used in salmonid and crustacean aquaculture to provide the pink color characteristic of that. Recent study reported that astaxanthine has the role as a detoxicant against the free radicals. On our study, we estimated the genotoxicity in ICR mice and possibility as antioxidant reagents of mutant Phaffia rhodozyma strain over expressing the astaxanthine by gamma-lay and carophyll pink including astaxanthine in apoE knock out mice, respectively. In our study, we administered Phaffia rhodozyma (2 mg and 3 mg) and carophyll pink for 4 and 8 week. The clinical sign and mortality were not detected compared with control groups. In the mutant frequency of hprt gene and chromosome aberration in splenic cells, there was not detected abnormality. There was not critical change in hematological and serum biochemical test compared to control. In expression level of repair enzyme, increase of catalase were detected and increase of expression level of Nrf-2 was detected in Phaffia rhodozyma (3 mg) and carophyll pink in 8 week treated group. In GSH level, the group of treated with Phaffia rhodozyma (3 mg) showed the increase of the GSH. In conclusion, mutant Phaffia rhodozyma and caphyll pink may be applied to the effective food additives to reduce the free radical.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.721-724
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• 2009

Astaxanthin is a valuable pigment source for many aquacultured species, including salmonoids, shrimp, sea bream, and ornamental species. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ascidian tunic extracts were mixed with the basal diet of rainbow trout to investigate their pigmentation effects. Synthetic Carophyll Pink and natural carotenoids that came from the tunic extracts were incorporated into muscle and skin tissues. The main carotenoids found in muscle after 8 weeks were canthaxanthin in CP12 (13.4%), and CP52 (17.2%), and astaxanthin in CP12 (58.5%), and CP52 (59.2%) in the Carophyll Pink group, while those in skin were canthaxanthin in CP14 (34.5%), and CP54 (29.2%), and astaxanthin in CP14 (32.0%), and CP54 (36.5%) in the ascidian tunic extract group. The total carotenoid content in skin (53.0-69.3 mg/kg) was greater than that in muscle (9.5-13.8 mg/kg).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2008

We experimentally investigated effects of four concentrations (4, 6, 8, and 10%) each of dietary Spirulina and Chiorella, as well as four concentrations of dietary astaxanthin (40, 60, 80, and 100 ppm in Carophyll Pink), on the body color of red- and white-colored carp, Cyprinus carpio. The total carotenoid concentration in the skin tissue of the red parts of the carp fed dietary Spirulina, Chiorella, and astaxanthin increased up to the second week of the experiment but decreased thereafter. The redness value of the Spirulina-and Chiorella-treated fish decreased up to the sixth week of the experiment and increased thereafter. However, the redness value of the astaxanthin-treated fish consistently increased, beginning in the second week. Of the three agents tested, astaxanthin in Carophyll Pink was the most effective at enhancing the redness of both red- and white-colored carp. The redness value of the fish did not statistically differ among the various concentrations of astaxanthin. Therefore, dietary supplementation with 40ppm astaxanthin would be the most economical method for enhancing the redness of red- and white-colored carp fingerlings.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 1996

To utilize the ascidian tunic as a natural pigment and dietary sources for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), juvenile were fed on experimental diets containing enzymatic hydrolysates of ascidian tunic treated with three commercial mined enzymes (ultrazyme, cellulase, viscozyme) for 12 weeks. From the results of feeding experiment, similar growth rate was checked in the enzymatic hydrolysis group compared with control, and those were a higher than of ascidian tunic powder group. The total acetone extractable pigment in muscle of the enzymatic hydrolysates group was lower than that of the ascidian extracts group and carophyll pink group until 8 weeks, but the level of those pigment of the enzymatic hydrolysates was similar to the ascidian extracts and carophyll pink group after 12 weeks. The lipid content was increased with the pigment concentration in the all experimental group. But the ascidian tunic pigment did not influence on the composition of the fatty acids in the muscle and liver. From the consideration of results for pigmentation, the enzymatic hydrolysates of ascidian tunic were suitable for both a natural pigment and dietary protein and carbohydrates sources as a substitute synthetic pigment for aquaculture use.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.790-795
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• 2014

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carotenoids sources on growth and skin color of red- and white-colored fancy carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi. Nine experimental diets (designated as Con, CP, PA, SP, OP, MB, TO, BE and PO) were formulated to contain Carophyll Pink, red paprika, Spirulina, Opuntia, mandarin bark, tomato, beet and Porphyra, respectively. Each experimental diet was fed to two replicate groups of fish (22.9 g/fish) to visual satiation three times a day for 8 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the diets containing Spirulina or Opuntia were higher than those of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). The values of $a^*$, $L^*$ and $b^*$ of fish skin were significantly changed by dietary carotenoids sources (P<0.05). The $a^*$ values of fish fed the diets containing Carophyll Pink, red paprika and Spirulina were higher than those of fish fed other diets (P<0.05). The skin total carotenoids of fish fed the diets containing Spirulina and Opuntia were higher than those of others (P>0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that dietary inclusion of red paprika and Spirulina pacifica could increase the skin redness of red- and white-colored fancy carp.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.658-663
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• 2000

This study is aimed at evaluating the pigmentation of rainbow trout with carotenoid extracts from halophilic bacteria during 8 weeks feeding. Proximate composition of the sample were analyzed. Moisture content was 77% and 73% after 4 and 8 weeks feeding, respectively. Crude protein and lipid content was slowly increased after 8 weeks feeding. But minerals content were not affected with the feeding period and constituents. Muscle carotenoids content of rainbow trout was 0.0223 mg/100g tissue in control group after 4 weeks, and 0.1702 mg/100g tissue in carophyll pink group after 8 weeks. The carotenoids pigmentation content of halophilic bacteria extracts fed group was 0.1256, 0.1382 mg/100g tissue after 8 weeks. It means that the carotenoids of bacteria extracts are a good material for fish pigmentation. The main components of rainbow trout muscle and integuments with these diets were canthaxathin,, zeaxanthin, and ${\beta}$-carotene.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 2016

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary astaxanthin levels on growth performance, feed utilization, muscle pigmentation, and antioxidant capacity in juvenile rainbow trout. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg astaxanthin (designed as AX0, AX50, AX75, and AX100). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (18.5 g/fish) for 10 weeks. Growth performance and muscle composition of fish were not affected by dietary astaxanthin levels. Total carotenoid concentration in the muscle of fish fed the AX50 diet was higher than that of fish fed the AX0 diet, but no significant differences were observed between these fish and those fed the AX75 and AX100 diets. Muscle astaxanthin content increased with increased astaxanthin in the diet. Deposition of astaxanthin in the flesh resulted in a decrease in lightness and an increase in redness and yellowness. The fillets from trout fed the AX75 diet had significantly lower lightness than trout fed the AX50 and AX100 diets. Fish fed the AX50 and AX75 diets showed significantly lower catalase activity than those fed the control diet. Total antioxidant status increased significantly in all astaxanthin supplemented groups when compared to the control group. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly decreased in fish fed the AX50 diet compared to fish fed the AX0 diet. These findings suggest that while fillet pigmentation increased with increasing dietary astaxanthin concentration, indices of fish antioxidant capacity may not be affected in a dose dependent manner.