• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.650-654
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• 2007

[ $SnO_2$ ]-doped $TiO_2$ thin films were prepared from tin (IV) bis (acetylacetonate) dichloride and titanium diisopropoxide bis (acetylacetonate) with pluronic P123 or degussa P25 as a structural-directing agent. These hydrolyzed sol were spin coated onto Si(100) wafer substrate. The microstructure, morphology and bonding states of thin films were studied by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity of these films was investigated by using indigo carmine solution.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.534-540
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• 2018

From dye-assisted conventional chromoendoscopy to novel virtual chromoendoscopy, image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) is continuously evolving to meet clinical needs and improve the quality of colonoscopy. Dye-assisted chromoendoscopy using indigo carmine or crystal violet, although slightly old-fashioned, is still useful to emphasize the pit patterns of the colonic mucosa and predict the histological structures of relevant lesions. Equipment-based virtual chromoendoscopy has the advantage of being relatively easy to use. There are several types of virtual chromoendoscopy that vary depending on the manufacturer and operating principle. IEE plays distinctive roles with respect to histologic characterization of colorectal polyps and prediction of the invasion depth of colorectal cancers. In addition, the newest models of IEE have the potential to increase adenoma and polyp detection rates in screening colonoscopy.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate cytotoxicity of paraquat or bentazone on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, toxicity of paraquat or bentazone, and compensatory effects of 3-Methylcholanthrene(3-MC) on the rat liver. In order to MTT assay, the $5.0{\times}10^4$ cell/mL of NIH 3T3 fibroblast in each well of 24 multidish were cultured. After 24 hours, the cells were treated with solution of paraquat or bentazone(1, 25, 50, 100 ${\mu}M$ respectively). After the NIH 3T3 fibroblast of all groups were cultured in same condition for 48 hours. MTT assay were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of cell organelles. Paraquat or bentazone $MTT_{50}$ were 1668.97 ${\mu}M$ and 1506.97 ${\mu}M$, respectively. These $IC_{50}$ of paraquat or bentazone were decided low cytotoxicity by Borenfreund. In order to observe the toxicity and compensatory effects of paraquat or bentazone on the rat liver, Sprague-Dawley male rats were used as experimental animals and divided into paraquat or bentazone only treated group and simultaneous application group of paraquat or bentazone and 3-MC. At 30 min and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 hrs interval after each treatment, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and liver were immediately removed, immersed in fixatives, and processed with routine method for light microscopic study. Paraffin sections were stained with H-E, PAM and Best Carmine. Under the light microscope, degenerative changes of hepatic lobules were frequently observed in portal area from 3 hrs after paraquat or bentazone treatment. All hepatic cells were induced degenerative change at 12 hrs and more severe degenerative change at 48 hrs after paraquat or bentazone treatment. Especially, hepatic cells of bentazone only treated group were distinctly showed pyknotic. Glycogen granules were increased in portal area at 3 hrs, all hepatic cells at 12 hrs and remarkably increased at 48 hrs after paraquat or bentazone treated group. But hepatic cells of bentazone only treated group were regeneration at 48 hrs from portal area and glycogen granules of hepatic cells of paraquat or bentazone and 3-MC combination treated group showed in central area only at 48 hrs. The results indicate that 3-MC may be decrease paraquat or bentazone cytotoxicity on the rat liver.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2000

This study was carried out to propose a simple method for the extraction of seven tar dyes such as tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, amaranth, erythrosine, allura red, brilliant blue FCF and indigo carmine using aminopropyl amine cartridge and to determine the content of the dyes in candies, soft drinks, ice bars and okchuns produced in Korea. The tar dyes were simultaneously analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The recovery rates of the dyes ranged from 65.8% to 99.6%. The contents of the dyes in candies, soft drinks, ice bars and octhuns were N.D.∼50.1 mg/kg, N.D.∼49.9 mg/kg, N.D.∼56.0 mg/kg and N.D.∼867.3 mg/kg, respectively. The types of the dyes used most frequently for candies, soft drinks and ice bars were tartrazine, brilliant blue and amaranth, respectively. Of the samples, tartrazine was used frequently, and indigo carmine was not used at all.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1284-1291
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate the effects of the carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia) and Miúda (Nopalea) on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, performance, and ultrasound measurements of growing lambs. Methods: Thirty-six male (non-castrated) Santa Inês lambs were used, with an average age of 6 months and an initial average weight of 22.0±2.9 kg. They were distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (Tifton hay, Nopalea and Opuntia) and 12 replications, using initial weight as a covariate. The experimental period was 86 days, with the first 30 days used for the adaptation of the animals to the facilities, diets and management, and the remaining 56 days used for evaluation and data collection. Results: The intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) as a function of the diets, with the Nopalea treatment (p<0.05) increasing DM intake (g/kg and % body weight [BW]), CP, TDN, and TC digestibility, whereas the Tifton hay diet led to a high (p<0.001) neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) g/d intake, NDFap (BW %) and digestibility of said nutrient. There was no effect of treatments (p>0.05) on feeding time, however, rumination time and total chewing time were higher (p<0.05) for animals fed Tifton hay. The performance of the animals was similar (p>0.05). For the ultrasound measurements, Nopalea promoted an increase in the final loin eye area, compared to Tifton hay. Conclusion: The use of spineless cactus variety Miúda leads to the greater intake and digestibility of nutrients. The evaluated carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes are alternatives for semi-arid regions as they do not negatively affect the performance of growing lambs.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2021

Formulations which are dispersed in water are often used in color cosmetics because they are characterized by no powder flying, not sticky, and high adherence while giving a light feeling of use. However, little research has been considered on the effect of the pigment on the above formulations used in color cosmetics. In this study, experiments were conducted to measure and analyze the effect of pigments on the formulation of pigments, organic pigments, and pearl polish, which are mainly used in the manufacture of color cosmetics, on appearance changes, pH changes, and photometric stability. Carmine or ferric ferrocyanide coated titanium dioxide mica-based pigments were not suitable for use due to poor photostability, with colors appearing on the surface from low viscosity formulations. Organic pigments had a good photostability of 1% of the formulation which are dispersed in water, but were not suitable for use because they came out of color on the water surface and did not spread well due to the clumping of powders. The titanium dioxide mica system pigments coated with pearl polish, inorganic pigments, and iron oxide were suitable for use due to their excellent appearance and optical stability in the formulation. Furthermore, the pH of all samples distributed by each pigment seems to be within the range of 3.0 to 9.0, which is suitable for cosmetic applications. This is expected to help manufacture color cosmetics with a stable water dispersible formulations by selecting and using stable pigments in anticipation of the behavior of pigments in the formulations.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.387-397
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• 1993

To examine local response of adenosie(purine nucleoside) on the developing mammary gland, Elvax 40P implants containing adenosine were surgically implanted into mammary fat pad of the five week old female ICR mice. Inguinal(the 4th) mammary glands of anesthetized mice were exposed andplaced the implants for 12 days. One gland was treated with an adenosine implant, while the contralateral gland received a blank implant as control. For whole-mount preparations, glands were stained with alum carmine, and for histological observation, micro-selected mammary glands were stained with hematoxylin and eosin Y. Implantation with Elvax 40P did not affect on the damage of neighboring mammary tissue. Adenosie 25 or 250$\mu\textrm{g}$ per slow-release implant stimulated local mammary end bud formation of ovariectomized mice such as end bud size and numbers of end bud per gland in a dose dependent manner(P<0.05), and lower concentration of adenosie(2.5 or 25$\mu\textrm{g}$/implant) increased numbers of end bud(P<0.05) and end bud size(P<0.1) of intact mice. Adenosine treatment and intact ovarian function had moderate interation effects on the stimulation of end bud formation at 2.5$\mu\textrm{g}$ adenosine/implant(P<0.1). In histological observation, adenosine implants increased numbers of mammary epithelial type of cells at mammary duct in the presence or absece ofovary. These results indicate that adenosine should be one of regulators in mouse mammary ductal growth.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.49.2-49.2
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• 2011

$PbMoO_4$ nanoparticles were successfully obtained in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) with the assistance of a prolonged sonication process. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and adsorption-desorption $N_2$ isotherms (BET). The catalyst prepared sonochemically showed higher photocatalytic activity than $PbMoO_4$ prepared by solid-state reaction in the degradation reactions of rhodamine B (rhB), indigo carmine (IC), orange G (OG), and methyl orange (MO) under UV-Vis light radiation. In order to elucidate aspects of the degradation mechanism of the organic dyes, some experimental variables were modified such as pH, $O_2$ level in solution, and radiation source. In general, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic dyes followed the sequence IC>OG>rhB>MO.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.527-533
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• 2018

There have been many advances in endoscopic imaging technologies. Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging is an innovative optical technology that enables the precise discrimination of structural changes on the mucosal surface. Several studies have demonstrated its usefulness and superiority for tumor detection and differential diagnosis in the stomach as compared with conventional endoscopy. Furthermore, magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging has the potential to predict the invasion depth and tumor margins during gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection. Classifications of the findings of magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging based on microvascular and pit patterns have been proposed and have shown excellent correlations with invasion depth confirmed by microscopy. In terms of tumor margin prediction, magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging offers superior delineation of gastric tumor margins compared with traditional chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine. The limitations of narrow-band imaging, such as the need for considerable training, long procedure time, and lack of studies about its usefulness in undifferentiated cancer, should be resolved to confirm its value as a complementary method to endoscopic submucosal dissection. However, the role of magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging is expected to increase steadily with the increasing use of endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of gastric tumors.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2011

Purpose: To determine the diagnostic utility of a frozen section biopsy in patients undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric neoplasms with obscure margins even with chromoendoscopy using acetic acid and indigo carmine (AI chromoendoscopy). Materials and Methods: The lateral spread of early gastric neoplasms was unclear even following AI chromoendoscopy in 38 patients who underwent ESD between June 2007 and May 2011. Frozen section biopsies were obtained by agreement of the degree of lateral spread between two endoscopists. Thus, frozen section biopsies were obtained from 23 patients (FBx group) and not in the other 15 patients (AI group). Results: No significant differences were observed for size, histology, invasive depth, and location of lesions between the AI and FBx groups. No false positive or false negative results were observed in the frozen section diagnoses. Adenocarcinoma was revealed in three patients and tubular adenoma in one, thereby changing the delineation of lesion extent and achieving free lateral margins. The rates of free lateral resection margins and curative resection were significantly higher in the FBx group than those in the AI group. Conclusions: Frozen section biopsy can help endoscopists perform more safe and accurate ESD in patients with early gastric neoplasm.