• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.66 no.3
• /
• pp.504-513
• /
• 2024

Duck meat is recognized as a healthier poultry product that contains higher amounts of unsaturated and essential fatty acids, iron, and excellent amounts of protein. It has been found to possess the ability to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequently, blood pressure in the human body; and improve the immunity system. The current study investigated the appropriate bedding depths of rice hulls as a preferred bedding material by evaluating the growth performance and carcass traits of White Pekin ducks raised for 42 days. A total of 288 one-day-old White Pekin ducklings were randomly allotted to floor cages with one of four bedding depths at 4 cm, 8 cm, 12 cm, and 16 cm. Ducklings were fed standard duck starter (days 1-21) and finisher (days 22-42) diets. The birds were stocked at a rate of 6 birds/m² with 6 replicates per treatment. Growth performance evaluation for the body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake were measured to calculate the weekly feed conversion ratio. Breast, leg, and carcass yield were assessed as carcass traits. The muscle color and proximate composition were also analyzed for meat quality. Footpad dermatitis was also evaluated on day 42. Ducks reared on 16 cm bedding depth over the 42 days recorded higher (p < 0.05) body weight, average daily, average daily feed intake, and improved feed conversion ratios compared to other groups. The crude fat in breast meat also lowered (p < 0.05) in ducks reared at 16 cm (1.02%) when compared to ducks raised at 4 cm bedding depth (2.11%). Our results showed improved redness (p < 0.05) when the depth of bedding materials was elevated. Except for the breast meat fat, the dissimilar bedding depths did not affect (p < 0.05) the breast and leg meat composition, footpad dermatitis, and mortality for the current study. In conclusion, this study indicated that the bedding depths would directly or indirectly affect the growth performance and meat color of White Pekin ducks; and the bedding depth of rice hulls at 16 cm improved the growth performance of White Pekin ducks for 42 days.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.239-243
• /
• 1996

Three hundred and twenty-four 1 day old chicks were used to determine the effects of fat source and energy to protein ratio on growth performance , carcass composition and the efficiency on nutrient utilization. Chicks were assigned. in a completely randomized design, to 3*3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Chicks received one of three fat sources (n0 fat, tallow, corn oil) and one of three energy to protein ratios(16, 14 and 12kcal ME/g CP). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric(3.2Mcal ME/kg diets) using published ME values for the diet ingredients. Addition of tat to the diet increased ADG, average daily feed intake, and gain to feed, Chicks fed diets containing fat had increased percentage body DM and ether extract(EE), but percentage CP was not different, Chicks fed diets containing fat had increased efficiency of protein and energy deposition. Addition of fat ad either fallow or corn oil yielded similar results. Reducing the energy to protein ratio of the diet did not affect ADG or gain to feed, but tended to decrease average daily feed intake(p=0.80), as well as resulting in linear(p<0.05) reductions in body percentage DM., EE and also total EE. Increasing the energy to protein ratio did not affect percentage or total body Cp. Adding fat to poultry diets improved growth performance and the efficiency of growth chicks. Decreasing the energy to protein ratio did not affect growth performance, but reduced EE in the body of Chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.10
• /
• pp.1594-1599
• /
• 2007

Plasma membrane proteins from pig adipocytes, brain, heart, kidney, liver and spleen were isolated using a 32% sucrose gradient. An adult male sheep was immunized three times at 3-wk intervals with the purified pig adipocyte plasma membrane (APM) proteins. Blood samples were taken from the immunized sheep 12 d after the third immunization. Antiserum showed strong reactivity with APM proteins determined by ELISA, and the reactivity could be detected at dilutions in excess of 1:128,000. Antiserum showed very low binding affinity with proteins isolated from brain, heart, kidney, liver or spleen. Ninety weanling pigs were allocated randomly to three treatment groups and were injected i.p. with 40 ml of antiserum (n = 30) or 20 ml of lyophilized antiserum (21.5 mg/ml; n = 30). A control group (n = 30) received 40 ml of saline, and all pigs were slaughtered at 24 wk of age. The polyclonal antiserum did not change BW or ADG. Carcass percentage of pigs was numerically increased by the antiserum treatment compared with control. Both antiserum treatments did not significantly (p>0.05) affect body composition, including body fat content, relative to the control group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare male and female geese of two contrasting genotypes in terms of fatty acid composition, indexes related to human health, lipid metabolism and oxidative stability of the meat. Methods: The experiment was carried out on total of 120 geese of two different genotypes; the native breed Czech goose (CG) and commercial hybrid Novohradska goose (NG). One-d-old goslings were divided into 4 groups according to genotype and sex, and 8 birds from each group were slaughtered at 8 weeks of age. Results: The effects of the interactions between genotype and sex were observed on growth performance and carcass traits. Final body weight (p<0.001), daily weight gain (p<0.001), daily feed intake (p<0.001), slaughter weight (p<0.001), and cold carcass weight (p<0.001) were highest in NG males and lowest in CG females. The meat fatty acid composition results showed effects of both genotype and sex on the total n-6 and the total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, as well as the PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio. Regarding genotype, the total n-6, the total PUFA content and the PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio were higher in CG, and higher values were found in females. In terms of the lipid metabolism, ${\Delta}^5-{\Delta}^6$ desaturase (p = 0.006) was higher in males. The meat oxidative stability results revealed an interaction between genotype, sex and storage time (p<0.001). The highest (13.85 mg/kg) malondialdehyde content was measured in the meat of CG females after 5 days of storage and was presumably related to a higher PUFA content. Conclusion: NG had a relatively higher growth rate and meat oxidative stability, whereas the advantage of CG meat is its favourable fatty acid profile characterized by a higher PUFA content.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.6
• /
• pp.819-826
• /
• 2006

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of cultured wild-ginseng powder or its fermented culture byproduct on growth performance, blood parameters, carcass and meat quality in finishing pigs. The animals used in the experiment were a total of 36 Landrace×Yorkshire and weighted 65.81±2.02kg. The experimental diets were basis diet, 2.5% wild-ginseng fermented culture byproduct of B. subtilis replaced lupin in basis diet and 0.2% cultured wild-ginseng powder replaced lupin in basis diet to CON, T1 and T2 for 60 days, respectively. The pigs were allotted at 4 pigs per pen with three replicate pens per treatment by completely randomized design. In growth performance, ADG was not significantly different between treatments. ADFI was significantly lower (P<0.05) in T1 and T2 than in CON. Feed/Gain was not different between treatments. In plasma's biochemical composition, total protein was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in CON. Blood urea nitrogen was not different between treatments. Glucose and albumin were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in other treatments. Calcium was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in CON. Inorganic phosphate was significantly higher in T1 than in other treatments. In plasma's lipid composition, triglyceride was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in other treatments. Total cholesterol was not different between treatments. HDL cholesterol was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 than in other treatments. In carcass and meat quality, carcass weight, dressing precent, meat precent and back-fat thickness were not significantly different between treatments. Moisture and crude fat were also not significantly different between treatments. The results indicate that growth performance, carcass and meat quality were not affected but plasma's biochemical and/or lipid composition were affected when replaced with wild-ginseng fermented culture byproduct of B. subtilis and cultured wild-ginseng. Our research indicates that wild-ginseng fermented culture byproduct of B. subtilis and cultured wild-ginseng powder were able to using with pig's diet in finishing period.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.8
• /
• pp.1404-1408
• /
• 2016

In recent years, foot-and-mouth disease has occurred in all parts of the world. The animals with the disease are buried in the ground; therefore, their concentration could affect ground or groundwater. Moreover, the complete degradation of carcasses is not a certainty, and their disposal is important to prevent humans, livestock, and the environment from being affected with the disease. The treatment of Corynebacterium glutamicum is a feasible method to reduce the risk of carcass decomposition affecting humans or the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of C. glutamicum on the soil environment with a carcass. The composition of amino acids in the soil treated with C. glutamicum was generally higher than those in the untreated soil. Moreover, the plant root in the soil samples treated with C. glutamicum had 84.0% amino acids relative to the standard value and was similar to that of the control. The results of this study suggest the possibility to reduce the toxicity of a grave land containing animals with this disease.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.277-284
• /
• 1994

The functional properties of mechanically deboned chicken meat(MDCM) from whole carcass, whole carcass without exsanguination, neck without skin, leg hone, and upper back and rib were studied. Also, the effects of adding different levels of gelatin and MDCM to the comminuted meats were investigated. Proximate composition values of MDCM ranged from 54.2 to 68.6% moisture, 14.5 to 19.7% protein, 12.3 to 30.1% fat, and 1.1 to 1.3% ash. The MDCM from leg hone had a higher content of fat, and a lower contents of moisture and protein. The MDCM from neck without skin tended to be opposite to the MDCM from leg hone. The total pigment and myoglobin levels were highest in MDCM from whole carcass without exsanguination such as 3.83 and 0.29 rng /g, and those from the other parts were 1.58~2.93 mg /g and 0. 17~0.31 mg /g, respectively. The emulsifying capacity and water holding capacity were highest in MDCM from neck without skin which contained lower levels of fat, collagen and hydroxyproline, but a higher level of salt soluble protein. The emulsifying capacity of comminuted meat decreased as gelatin content increased. The extractability of hydroxyproline from gelatin showed a higher solubility in acidic solution. The MDCM could he added up to 20% level without detrimentally affecting functional properties of comminuted meats although they had less water holding capacity and cooking loss as the proportion of MDCM increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.704-710
• /
• 2005

The objective of this experiment was to compare corn and wheat in finishing pig diets in order to determine whether performance, carcass quality, fatty acid composition or fat colour is altered by choice of cereal grain. A total of 126 crossbred pigs were used in this experiment. At the start of the experiment, a portion of the experimental animals were assigned to receive a wheat-based diet formulated using soybean meal as the sole source of supplementary protein. The remainder of the pigs were assigned to a corn-based diet formulated to supply a similar level of lysine (0.65%) and energy (3,300 kcal/kg DE). At two week intervals, a portion of the pigs on the corn-based diet were switched to the wheat-based diet so that a gradient was produced with pigs being fed the corn and wheatbased diets for different proportions of the finishing period ranging from 100% on wheat to 100% on corn. There were no significant differences in the growth rate of pigs fed the two diets (p = 0.834). Pigs fed wheat tended to consume slightly less feed (p = 0.116) and had a significantly improved feed conversion (p = 0.048) compared with pigs fed corn. Choice of cereal did not affect dressing percentage (p = 0.691), carcass value index (p = 0.146), lean yield (p = 0.134), loin fat (p = 0.127) or loin lean (p = 0.217). Fatty acid composition of backfat was unaffected by the cereal grain fed (p>0.05). Total saturated fatty acid content was 33.31% for both corn and wheat fed pigs (p = 0.997) while the polyunsaturated fatty acid content was 12.01% for corn fed pigs and 11.21% for wheat fed pigs (p = 0.257). The polyunsaturated/saturated ratio was 0.36 for pigs fed corn and 0.34 for pigs fed wheat (p = 0.751). Hunter Lab Colour Scores indicated no difference either in the whiteness or yellowness of the fat. In conclusion, wheat can substitute for corn in growingfinishing pig rations without detrimental effects on pig performance. There were no differences in either the fatty acid composition of backfat or in backfat colour indicating that the decision to use wheat vs. corn needs to be made on economic grounds rather than being based on their effects on fat quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.962-970
• /
• 2007

A total of 1,200 LinNan Chinese color-feathered chicks were used to study the effects of methionine source [DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthio-butanoic acid (HMTBa) or DL-methionine (DLM)] and dietary crude protein (CP) level on growth performance, carcass traits, and whole-body nitrogen and fat retention. The trial was designed as a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement, including two CP levels (adequate and low) and two methionine sources (HMTBa and DL-methionine). Diets were formulated for three phases, starter (0-21 d), grower (21-42 d), and finisher (42-63 d). Chicks fed HMTBa had higher daily gain and improved feed efficiency than DLM during the grower phase (p<0.05). A significant two-way interaction was observed for growth performance during the finisher phase and overall (0-63 d). Growth performance was greater for chicks fed HMTBa than DLM on adequate-CP diets (p<0.05), but this was not observed at low-CP level (p>0.05). Chicks fed low-CP diets grew slower, used feed less efficiently during the grower, finisher phase and overall. On d 42, regardless of dietary CP levels, birds fed HMTBa had higher carcass weights, breast and thigh weights than DLM-fed birds (p<0.04). Birds fed low-CP diet had lighter carcass weights and less breast muscle, thigh muscle, and dressing percentage at the end of starter, grower and finisher phases (p<0.05). Whole body composition analyses found that birds fed HMTBa tended to contain more protein and less fat compared to those chicks fed DLM at the end of the starter phase (p<0.10). Low-CP diets increased CP concentration in the whole body at the end of the finisher phase (p = 0.05). HMTBa supplementation increased whole-body N retention rate during the finisher phase and overall (p<0.01), and low-CP diets reduced N intake and whole-body fat retention during the finisher phase and overall (p<0.05). In summary, HMTBa was better than DLM on an equimolar basis for growth performance, carcass traits, and N retention in Chinese color-feathered chicks. Low-CP diets lowered growth performance as well as carcass traits in color-feathered birds, probably due to imbalanced AA profiles.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.530-538
• /
• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient composition, in vitro ruminal ammonia concentrations and pH of wet distillers grains (WDG, produced from tapioca 70% and rice 30%) and to evaluate dietary effects of fermented total mixed ration (TMR) using WDG on the performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers from mid fattening to slaughter. In Exp. I, average dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen free extract of seven WDG samples from an ethanol plant with different sampling dates were 19.9%, 24.8%, 3.8%, 21.8%, 8.87%, 60.3%, 34.5%, and 40.7% (DM basis), respectively. For in vitro ammonia concentrations and pH, each sample was assigned to 7 incubation times (0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Linear increase was observed between 12 and 48 h for ammonia concentrations, but final ammonia concentrations (72 h) were not significantly different among WDG samples and fermentation patterns of WDG samples showed similar tendency. In vitro pH varied among treatments from 0 to 24 h, but were not different statistically after 48 h. In Exp. II, 45 Hanwoo steers of 23 months ($641{\pm}123kg$) from mid fattening period to slaughter (248 days) were randomly divided into three groups of 15 pens each (five repetitions/each treatment) and assigned to one of three dietary treatments; i) Control (TMR), ii) WDG 15 (TMR containing 15% of WDG, as fed basis) and iii) WDG 28 (TMR containing 28% of WDG, as fed basis). The body weight (BW), ADG, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control and WDG 15 and 28 during 248 days were 760.8, 740.1, and 765.5 kg, and 0.50, 0.50, and 0.52 kg/d, and 18.6, 17.6, and 17.1, respectively. The dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/d) of control (9.11) was higher (p<0.05) than WDG treatments (WDG 15%, 8.57; 28%, 8.70). Nevertheless, DMI did not affect BW, ADG, and FCR of Hanwoo finishing steers. Blood metabolites were in normal ranges and were not different among treatments except the albumin concentration. In carcass characteristics, WDG 15 (30%) showed higher frequency of A-carcass yield grade than WDG 28 (15%) and control (7%), and WDG 28 (61%) showed higher frequency of $1^{{+}{+}}$ and $1^+$-carcass quality grade than WDG 15 (40%) and control (60%). In conclusion, using WDG up to 28% in TMR did not show any negative effect on the performance and blood metabolites, and improved carcass quality of Hanwoo steers. Therefore, WDG can be a useful feed ingredient for Hanwoo steers in mid-fattening period to slaughter.