• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.709-720
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to identify daily caffeine intakes in beverages for elementary school children and to evaluate its effectiveness after nutrition education. The caffeine contents of 140 commercial beverages were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) and information about their consumption were obtained by surveying 267 children. Researchers gave nutrition education to the children, who were 6 to 11 years old and attended 9 classes of 3 elementary schools, by lecture, Powerpoint file and moving picture. Their preference and intake amount on beverages were investigated by questionnaire before and after nutrition education. The order on caffeine contents was coffee ($33.8{\pm}2.4{\sim}49.1{\pm}5.6\;mg/100\;mL$)> coffee milk ($10.6{\pm}3.3\;mg/100\;mL$)> cola ($6.0{\pm}2.4\;mg/100\;mL$)> green black oolong tea drink ($6.0{\pm}2.4\;mg/100\;mL$)> chocolate milk and chocolate drink ($1.6{\pm}0.7{\sim}1.7\;mg/100\;mL$)> black ice tea mix ($1.3{\pm}1.7\;mg/100\;mL$). The order on children's preference was carbonated drink and fruit and vegetable drink (27%)> sports drink (26%)> processed cocoa mix (7%)> milk (6%)> vitamin & functional drink (3%)> green tea drink (2%)> black tea drink and coffee (1%). The average daily caffeine intakes except tea drink was $5.9{\pm}11.2$ mg/person/day ($0.17{\pm}0.32$ mg/kg bw/day), ranged from $0.0{\sim}80.5$ mg/person/day for children. The sources of caffeine were coffee 57% (3.4 mg/person/day), coffee milk 20% (1.2 mg/person/day), carbonated drink 15% (0.9 mg/person/day), chocolate milk and chocolate drink 6% (0.4 mg/person/day), and vitamin & functional drink 2% (0.1 mg/person/day). After nutrition education, the preference of carbonated drink, coffee, vitamin drinks & functional drink was decreased significantly (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.01) and the intakes of carbonated drink, chocolate milk & chocolate drink, and vitamin & functional drink were also decreased significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01). This study has shown that nutrition education influences the preference and the intake behavior of caffeinated beverages.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.145-153
• /
• 2012

This study aims at investigate dietary behaviors, smoking and drinking status of university students depending on their gender and residential patterns, and analyzing relationships with their subjective health status. The subjects of this study was 538 university students in Metropolitan areas from May 10-31, 2010. Data were analyzed with chi-square test, fisher's exact test, t-test and stepwise multiple regression SPSS 12.0. Male students higher frequency on the intake of eggs, meats and carbonated drinks than female students. The group residing at one's own house showed higher frequency on the intake of beans, fruits and milk than the self-boarding group or other groups(p<0.05), while preferring sweet taste the most. Male students were significantly higher than female students in the amount of smoking and drinking(p<0.05). They had positive recognition on their health conditions as they have higher frequency on the intake of potatoes, seaweeds, green tea and milk with less frequency on the intake of eggs, fast foods and drinking amount. Accordingly, it was considered necessary to have continuous education on nutrition and social supports to prevent their dietary behaviors from leaning on convenience or preference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.170-176
• /
• 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the current status of calcium fortification in processed foods for obtaining basic data on nutrition fortification policy and nutrition labeling, Surveyed samples were the products fortified wish calcium among processed products sold in department store and large mart in Seoul from Aug. 1998 to Aug. 1999. But supplementary health food or special nutritious food and weaning food and infant formula were excluded from them. We examined the kinds and numbers of added nutrients except calcium and the amounts of calcium per 100 g product and nutrient labeling of calcium-fortified foods. Surveyed products were 81 foods and they were grouped in grain products, milk and milk products, processed meat and fishes, ramyuns, retort pouch foods, fruit juice and drinks. and others. Calcium fortification was found in wide food groups, especially in snack foods and carbonated beverages. In relation to surveyed products, most of them were fortified with only calcium. The number of added nutrients in the product were relatively various in comparison with each food groups. In addition to calcium, the most frequently added nutrient was DHA, and were followed vitamin, mineral, oligosacchride, fiber, etc. This result showed that the kind(s) and the number(s) of nutrient added to product did not consider nutrition balance of calcium-fortified foods. Units of calcium content were decided by companies, therefore consumers confused labelled content with mouth dose of calcium and the comparison of the amounts added calcium among products was difficult. The amounts of calcium in products were from 16.4 to 1226 mg Per 100 and from 2.5 to 27.6% RDA (recommended daily allowance) per serving size. The amounts of calcium in many products were less than 10% RDA per serving size, whole appraisal about fortified content was needed. And for nutrient labeling on calcium, they used various term whether it is approved by law or not.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.268-276
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study is to estimate total sugar intake and identify major food sources of total sugar intake in the diet of the Korean population. Methods: Dietary intake data of 33,745 subjects aged one year and over from the KNHANES 2008-2011 were used in the analysis. Information on dietary intake was obtained by one day 24-hour recall method in KNHANES. A database for total sugar content of foods reported in the KNHANES was established using Release 25 of the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, a total sugar database from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, and information from nutrition labeling of processed foods. With this database, total sugar intake of each subject was estimated from dietary intake data using SAS. Results: Mean total sugar intake of Koreans was 61.4 g/person/day, corresponding to 12.8% of total daily energy intake. More than half of this amount (35.0 g/day, 7.1% of daily energy intake) was from processed foods. The top five processed food sources of total sugar intake for Koreans were granulated sugar, carbonated beverages, coffee, breads, and fruit and vegetable drinks. Compared to other age groups, total sugar intake of adolescents and young adults was much higher (12 to 18 yrs, 69.6 g/day and 19 to 29 yrs, 68.4 g/day) with higher beverage intake that beverage-driven sugar amounted up to 25% of total sugar intake. Conclusion: This study revealed that more elaborated and customized measures are needed for control of sugar intake of different subpopulation groups, even though current total sugar intake of Koreans was within the range (10-20% of daily energy intake) recommended by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. In addition, development of a more reliable database on total sugar and added sugar content of foods commonly consumed by Koreans is warranted.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.50 no.3
• /
• pp.270-283
• /
• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine coffee consumption behaviors, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes by coffee intake amount among university students. Methods: Questionnaires were distributed to 300 university students randomly selected in Gongju. Dietary survey was administered during two weekdays by the food record method. Results: Subjects were divided into three groups: NCG (non-coffee group), LCG (low coffee group, 1~2 cups/d), and HCG (high coffee group, 3 cups/d) by coffee intake amount and subjects' distribution. Coffee intake frequency was significantly greater in the HCG compared to the LCG (p < 0.001). The HCG was more likely to intake dripped coffee with or without milk and/or sugar than the LCG (p < 0.05). More than 80% of coffee drinkers chose their favorite coffee or accompanying snacks regardless of energy content. More than 75% of coffee takers did not eat accompanying snacks instead of meals, and the HCG ate them more frequently than LCG (p < 0.05). Breakfast skipping rate was high while vegetable and fruit intakes were very low in most subjects. Subjects who drank carbonated drinks, sweet beverages, or alcohol were significantly greater in number in the LCG and HCG than in the NCG (p < 0.01). Energy intakes from coffee were $0.88{\pm}5.62kcal/d$ and $7.07{\pm}16.93kcal/d$ for the LCG and HCG. For total subjects, daily mean dietary energy intake was low at less than 72% of estimated energy requirement. Levels of vitamin C and calcium were lower than the estimated average requirements while that of vitamin D was low (24~34% of adequate intake). There was no difference in nutrient intakes by coffee intake amount, except protein, vitamin A, and niacin. Conclusion: Coffee intake amount did not affect dietary nutrient intakes. Dietary habits were poor,and most nutrient intakes were lower than recommend levels. High intakes of coffee seemed to be related with high consumption of sweet beverages and alcohol. Therefore, it is necessary to improve nutritional intakes and encourage proper water intake habits, including coffee intake, for improved nutritional status of subjects.