• Title/Summary/Keyword: carbonate content

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Geochemical Characteristics and Heavy Metal Pollutions in the Surface Sediments of Oyster Farms in Goseong Bay, Korea (고성만 굴 양식장 표층퇴적물의 지화학적특성과 중금속 오염에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Ju-Hyun;Lee, Sang-Jun;Jeong, Woo-Geon;Cho, Sang-Man
    • The Korean Journal of Malacology
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.233-244
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    • 2012
  • Goseong bay, located in southeast sea of Korea with an area of 2,100 ha, is a semi-enclosed bay well-known for oyster farming cultured in an extended range of 148 ha. The objective of this study is to provide the fundamental data in order to manage the effective sea area. A total 26 of surface sediment were collected from Goseong bay to evaluate their sedimentary environment and heavy metals. The loss on Ignition (LOI), C/N ratio, acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and heavy metals were analyzed. loss on ignition (LOI) of surface sediment range from 1.00% to 3.03% (average 2.00%). The carbonate content ranges from 0.52% to 4.29% (average 2.37%). C/N ratio of organic matter showed that most part of organic matter comes from neighboring continent. Acid volatile sulfide (AVS) value of surface sediment from 0.02 mg/g to 1.43 mg/g (average 0.24 mg/g). A ten element of surface sediments (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) were calculated by enrichment factor (Ef) and the results show that some areas are highly polluted with respect Cu and Hg. The correlation matrix displays the existence of remarkable levels of correlation with both positive and negative values among different variable pairs. LOI and AVS showed both positive values. LOI and AVS values falls under 2% and 1%. Therefore, Goseong bay showed good in quality of sediment.

Genesis and Characteristics of the Soil Clay Minerals Derived from Major Parent Rocks in Korea -III. Soil Mineralogy of Sand and Silt Size Fractions in the Soils (한국(韓國)의 주요(主要) 모암(母岩)에서 발달(發達)된 토양점토광물(土壤粘土鑛物)의 특성(特性)과 생성학적(生成學的) 연구(硏究) -III. 모래와 미사중(微砂中)에 토양광물(土壤鑛物)의 특성비교(特性比較))

  • Um, Myung-Ho;Um, Ki-Tae;Lim, Hyung-Sik
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 1992
  • Sand and silt size fractions of soils which were derived from five major rocks of granite, granite-geniss, limestone, shale, and basalt in Korea were studied. Determination of the mineralogical and chemical composition of rock-forming mineral breakdown which is accompanied by the formation of secondary minerals. The chemical composition of the fraction was largely changed with the content of weatherable and resistant soil minerals such as ferromagenesian minerals, carbonates, and guartz. In the sand fractions of the soils from the granite and granite-gneiss, chlorite-vermiculite mixed layers seem to be an intermediate weathering product prior to the weathering state of the formation of vermiculite from chlorite. Kaolin minerals in the silt fractions of the soils from the granite-gneiss are considered to be formed by the pseudomorphic transformation of plagioclase. In the sand and silt fractions of the soils derived from the limestone, large amount of calcite and dolomite seems to have been inherited from the parent rocks. The primary chloritc, micas, and feldspars are considered to be formed from the weathering remains after leaching of carbonate minerals during the soil formation. In the residual soils(Gueom series) developed from the basalt, quartz and micas were coexisted with plagioclase and augite inherited from the parent rock.

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Characteristics of Elements Extraction in Waste Rocks on the Abandoned Jangpoong Cn Mine (장풍 동광산 폐광석 내 원소의 용출 특성)

  • Lee, In-Gyeong;Choi, Sang-Hoon
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.41 no.6
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    • pp.695-708
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    • 2008
  • In order to evaluate the geochemical behaviors of elements with waste rocks in the abandoned Jangpoong Cu mine area, total concentration analysis and leaching experiments were performed. The content of elements within waste rocks compared with background values decreased in order of As>>Cu>Pb>Cd>Co. Leaching experiments were carried out at various extraction environments, considering the acid rain ($0.00001{\sim}0.001N\;HNO_3$) and the acid mine drainage ($0.001{\sim}0.1N$ HNO3). After 24 hours of reaction with different acidic solution, the leaching characteristics of waste rocks were classified into three types according to final pH of leaching solution. Type I refers to the case that the final pH of leaching solution was lower than that of the reaction solution due to the dissolution of acidic minerals from rocks, while type 2 and 3 refer to the case that the final pH maintained higher than that of the reaction solution. Theses types include in acid buffering minerals such as clay minerals and carbonate minerals. The leaching characteristics of the elements after the reaction could be categorized into As-Co-Fe, Cu-Mn-Cd-Zn, and Pb. As-Co-Fe started to get leached under 2.5 of pH regardless of changes in the final pH, and Cu-Mn-Cd-Zn showed different initial leaching pH according to the types of final pH changes. Based on the pH value where leaching started regardless of leaching concentration, the relative mobility of each element was in the order of Mn Zn>Cd>Cu>>Fe Co>As>Pb. Thus, more higher mobility elements(Zn, Mn and Cu) were leached by reacting with acid rain water. Acid mine drainage may result in distributions of elements having relatively less mobility(As, Fe, Co and Pb).

Studies on the Petroleum hydrocarbon-utilizing Micro-organisms(Part 2) - On the Production of Single Cell Protein from Petroleum hydrocarbon with a yeast strain - (석유 탄화수소 이용 미생물에 관한 연구 (제 2 보) - 효모를 이용한 석유탄화수소로 부터 단백질 생산에 관하여 -)

  • Lee, Ke-Ho;Shin, Hyun-Kyung
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.9-18
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    • 1971
  • In order to obtain basic information on the production of single cell protein from petroleum, more than 400 yeast strains were isolated from various soil samples in Korea utilizing petroleum hydrocarbon as the sole carbon source. A yeast strain showing the highest cell yield among the isolated strains was selected and identified. The optimal culture condition was searched in the flasks shaken throughout the procedure. And the growing characteristics for the selected yeast strain and chemical analysis of the yeast cell component were carried out. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The selected yeast strain was identified as Candida curvata and we named it Candida curvata-SNU 70. 2. The composition of the medium proposed for the present yeast strain is: Light Gas Oil 30ml, Urea 400mg, Ammonium sulfate 100mg, Potasium phosphate (monobasic) 670mg, Sodium phosphate (dibasic) 330mg, Magnesium sulfate 500mg, Calcium carbonate 3g, Yeast extract 50mg, Tween 20 0.05ml, Tap water 1,000ml. 3. Other culture conditions employed for the yeast were pH 5.5-7.0, temp. $30^{\circ}C$ under an affluent aerobic state. 4. Addition of light gas oil in portions to the culture media as the growth proceeded was more effective, especially in the cultivation on the higher oil concentration media. 5. Studies on the propagation of the yeast cells in the light gas oil medium revealed that the yeast has the lag phase lasted 16 hours and the logarithmic growth phase covered 16 to 28 hours. The specific growth rate was about $0.22\;hr^{-1}$ and doubling time was 3.2 hrs. during the logarithmic growth phase. 6. Under the cultural condition employed, the cell yield against the amount of light gas oil (wt%) was 16.1% and the protein content of the dried yeast cells was 48.4%.

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Occurrences of Uranium and Radon-222 from Groundwaters in Various Geological Environment in the Hoengseong Area (횡성지역 다양한 지질환경에서 지하수 중 우라늄 및 라돈-222 산출특성)

  • Jeong, Chan Ho;Yang, Jae Ha;Lee, Yu Jin;Lee, Yong Cheon;Choi, Hyeon Young;Kim, Moon Su;Kim, Hyun Koo;Kim, Tae Seong;Jo, Byung Uk
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.557-576
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    • 2015
  • Groundwaters in granite, gneiss, and two-mica granite formations, including faults, in the Hoengseong area are examined to determine the relationship between their uranium and radon-222 contents and rock types. The chemical compositions of 38 groundwater samples and four surface water samples collected in the study area were analyzed. Sixteen of the samples showing high uranium and radon-222 contents were repeatedly analyzed. Surface radioactivities were measured at 30 points. The uranium and radon-222 concentrations in the groundwater samples were in the ranges of 0.02-49.3 μg/L and 20-906 Bq/L, respectively. Four samples for uranium and 35 samples for radon had concentrations exceeding the alternative maximum contaminant level of the US EPA. The chemical compositions of groundwaters indicated Ca(Na)-HCO3 and Ca(Na)-NO3(HCO3+Cl) types. The pH values ranged from 5.71 to 8.66. High uranium and radon-222 contents in the groundwaters occurred mainly at the boundary between granite and gneiss, and in the granite area. The occurrence of uranium did not show any distinct relationship to that of radon-222. The radon-222, an inert gas, appeared to be dissolved in the groundwater of the aquifer after wide diffusion along rock fractures, having been derived from the decay of uranium in underground rocks. The results in this study indicate that groundwater of neutral or weakly alkaline pH, under oxidizing conditions and with a high bicarbonate content is favorable for the dissolution of uranium and uranium complexes such as uranyl or uranyl-carbonate.

W-Sn-Bi-Mo Mineralization of Shizhuyuan deposit, Hunan Province, China (중국 호남성 시죽원 광상의 W-Sn-Bi-Mo광화작용)

  • 윤경무;김상중;이현구;이찬희
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.179-189
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    • 2002
  • The Geology of the Shizhuyuan W-Sn-Bi-Mo deposits, situated 16 Ian southeast of Chengzhou City, Hunan Province, China, consist of Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks, Devonian carbonate rocks, Jurassic granitic rocks, Cretaceous granite porphyry and ultramafic dykes. The Shizhuyuan polymetallic deposits were associated with medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite of stage I. According to occurrences of ore body, ore minerals and assemblages, they might be classified into three stages such as skarn, greisen and hydrothernlal stages. The skarn is mainly calcic skarn, which develops around the Qianlishan granite, and consists of garnet, pyroxene, vesuvianite, wollastonite, amphibolite, fluorite, epidote, calcite, scheelite, wolframite, bismuthinite, molybdenite, cassiterite, native bismuth, unidetified Bi- Te-S system mineral, magnetite, and hematite. The greisen was related to residual fluid of medium- to coarse-grained biotite granite, and is classified into planar and vein types. It is composed of quartz, feldspar, muscovite, chlorite, tourmaline, topaz, apatite, beryl, scheelite, wolframite, bismuthinite, molybdenite, cassiterite, native bismuth, unknown uranium mineral, unknown REE mineral, pyrite, magnetite, and chalcopyrite with minor hematite. The hydrothermal stage was related to Cretaceous porphyry, and consist of quartz, pyrite and chalcopyrite. Scheelite shows a zonal texture, and higher MoO) content as 9.17% in central part. Wolframite is WO); 71.20 to 77.37 wt.%, FeO; 9.37 to 18.40 wt.%, MnO; 8.17 to 15.31 wt.% and CaO; 0.01 to 4.82 wt.%. FeO contents of cassiterite are 0.49 to 4.75 wt.%, and show higher contents (4.]7 to 4.75 wt.%) in skarn stage (Stage I). Te and Se contents of native bismuth range from 0.00 to 1.06 wt.% and from 0.00 to 0.57 wt.%, respectively. Unidentified Bi-Te-S system mineral is Bi; 78.62 to 80.75 wt.%, Te; 12.26 to 14.76 wt.%, Cu; 0.00 to 0.42 wt.%, S; 5.68 to 6.84 wt.%, Se; 0.44 to 0.78 wt.%.

Mineralogical Analysis of Calcium Silicate Cement according to the Mixing Rate of Waste Concrete Powder (폐콘크리트 미분말 치환율에 따른 이산화탄소 반응경화 시멘트의 광물상 분석)

  • Lee, Hyang-Sun;Song, Hun
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.181-191
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    • 2024
  • In the realm of cement manufacturing, concerted efforts are underway to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases. A significant portion, approximately 60%, of these emissions during the cement clinker sintering process is attributed to the decarbonation of limestone, which serves as a fundamental ingredient in cement production. Prompted by these environmental concerns, there is an active pursuit of alternative technologies and admixtures for cement that can substitute for limestone. Concurrently, initiatives are being explored to harness technology within the cement industry for the capture of carbon dioxide from industrial emissions, facilitating its conversion into carbonate minerals via chemical processes. Parallel to these technological advances, economic growth has precipitated a surge in construction activities, culminating in a steady escalation of construction waste, notably waste concrete. This study is anchored in the innovative production of calcium silicate cement clinkers, utilizing finely powdered waste concrete, followed by a thorough analysis of their mineral phases. Through X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis, it was observed that increasing the substitution level of waste concrete powder and the molar ratio of SiO2 to (CaO+SiO2) leads to a decrease in Belite and γ-Belite, whereas minerals associated with carbonation, such as wollastonite and rankinite, exhibited an upsurge. Furthermore, the formation of gehlenite in cement clinkers, especially at higher substitution levels of waste concrete powder and the aforementioned molar ratio, is attributed to a synthetic reaction with Al2O3 present in the waste concrete powder. Analysis of free-CaO content revealed a decrement with increasing substitution rate of waste concrete powder and the molar ratio of SiO2/(CaO+SiO2). The outcomes of this study substantiate the viability of fabricating calcium silicate cement clinkers employing waste concrete powder.

Studies on the physio-chemical properties and the cultivation of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus) (느타리버섯의 생리화학적성질(生理化學的性質) 및 재배(栽培)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Hong, Jai-Sik
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.150-184
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    • 1978
  • Nutritional characteristics and physio-chemical properties of mycelial growth and fruitbody formation of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus)in synthetic media, the curtural condition for the commerical production in the rice straw and poplar sawdust media, and the changes of the chemical components of the media and mushroom during the cultivation were investigated. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. Among the carbon sources mannitol and sucrose gave rapid mycelial growth and rapid formation of fruit-body with higher yield, while lactose and rhamnose gave no mycelial growth. Also, citric acid, succinic acid, ethyl alcohol and glycerol gave poor fruit-body formation, and acetic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, n-butyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol and iso-butyl alcohol inhibited mycelial growth. 2. Among the nitrogen sources peptone gave rapid mycelial growth and rapid formation of fruit-body with higher yield, while D,L-alanine, asparatic acid, glycine and serine gave very poor fruit-body formation, and nitrite nitrogens, L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine inhibited mycelial growth. Inorganic nitrogens and amino acids added to peptone were effective for fruit-body growth, and thus addition of ammonium sulfate, ammonium tartarate, D,L-alanine and L-leucine resulted in about 10% increase fruit-body yield. L-asparic acid about 15%, L-arginine about 20%, L-glutamic acid, and L-lysine about 25%. 3. At C/N ratio of 15.23 fruit-body formation was fast, but the yield decreased, and at C/N ratio of 11.42 fruit-body formation was slow, but the yield increased. Also, at the same C/N ratio the higher the concentration of mannitol and petone, the higher yield was produced. Thus, from the view point of both yield of fruit-body and time required for fruiting the optimum C/N ratio would be 30. 46. 4. Thiamine, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and magnecium sulfate at the concentration of $50{\mu}g%$. 0.2% and 0.02-0.03%, respectively, gave excellent mycelial and fruit-body growth. Among the micronutrients ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate showed synergetic growth promoting effect but lack of manganese resulted in a little reduction in mycelial and fruit-body growth. The optimum concentrati on of each these nutrients was 0.02mg%. 5. Cytosine and indole acetic acid at 0.2-1mg% and 0.01mg%, respectively, increased amount of mycelia, but had no effect on yield of fruit-body. The other purine and pyrimidine bases and plant hormones also had no effect on mycelial and fruit-belly yield. 6. Illumination inhibited mycelial growth, but illumination during the latter part of vegetative growth induced primordia formation. The optimum light intensity and exposure time was 100 to 500 lux and 6-12 hours per day, respectively. Higher intensity of light was injurous, and in darkness only vegetative growth without primordia formation was continued. 7. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was $25^{\circ}C$ and for fruit-body formation 10 to $15^{\circi}C$. The optimum pH range was from 5.0 to 6.5. The most excellent fry it-body formation were produced from the mycelium grown for 7 to 10 days. The lesser the volume of media, the more rapid the formation of fruit-body; and the lower the yield of fruit-body; and the more the volume of media, the slower the formation of fruit-body, and the higher the yield of fruit-body. The primordia formation was inhibited by $CO_2$. 8. The optimum moisture content for mycelial growth was over 70% in the bottle media of rice straw and poplar sawdust. 10% addition of rice bran to the media exhibited excellent mycelial growth and fruit-body formation, and the addition of calciumcarbonate alone was effective, but the addition of calcium carbonate was ineffective in the presence of rice bran. 9. In the cultivation experiments the total yield of mushroom from the rice straw media was $14.99kg/m^2$, and from the sawdust media $6.52kg/m^2$, 90% of which was produced from the first and second cropping period. The total yield from the rice straw media was about 2.3 times as high as that from the sawdust media. 10. Among the chemical components of the media little change was observed in the content of ash on the dry weight basis, and organic matter content decreased as the cultivation progressed. Moisture content, which was about 79% at the time of spawning, decreased a little during the period of mycelial propagation, after which no change was observed. 11. During the period from spawning to the fourth cropping about 16.7% of the dry matter, about 19.3% of organic matter, and about 40% of nitrogen were lost from the rice straw media; about 7.5% of dry mallet, about 7.6% of organic matter, and about 20% of nitrogen were lost from the sawdust media. For the production of 1kg of mushroom about 232g of organic matter and about 7.0g of nitrogen were consumed from the rice straw media; about 235g of organic matter and about 6.8g of nitrogen were consumed from the sawdust media, 1㎏ of mushroom from either of media contains 82.4 and 82.3g of organic matter and 5.6 and 5.4g of nitrogen, respectively. 12. Total nitrogen content of the two media decreased gradually as the cultivation progressed, and total loss of insoluble nitrogen was greater than that of soluble nitrogen. Content of amino nitrogen continued to increase up to the third cropping time, after which it decreased. 13. In the rice straw media 28.0 and 13.8% of the total pentosan and ${\alpha}$-cellulose, respectively, lost during the whole cultivation period was lost during the period of mycelial growth; in the sawdust media 24.1 and 11.9% of the total pentosan and ${\alpha}$-cellulose, respectively, was lost during the period of mycelial growth. Lignin content in the media began to decrease slightly from the second cropping time, while the content of reduced sugar, trehalose and mannitol continued to increase. C/N ratio of the rice straw media decreased from 33.2 at spawining to 30.0 at ending; that of the sawdust media decreased from 61.3 to 60.0. 14. In both media phosphorus, potassium, manganese and zinc decreased, at magnesium, calcium and copper showed irregular changes, and iron had a tendency to be increased. 15. Enzyme activities are much higher in the rice straw media than in the sawdust media. CMC saccharifying and liquefying activity gradually increased from after mycelial propagation to the second cropping, after which it decreased in both media. Xylanase activity rapidly and greatly increased during the second cropping period rather than the first period. At the start of the third cropping period the activity decreased rapidly in the rice straw media, which was not observed in the sawdust media. Protease activity was highest after mycelial propagation, after which it gradually decreased. The pH of the rice straw media decreased from 6.3 at spawning to 5.0 after fourth cropping; that of the sawdust media decreased from 5.7 to 4.9. 16. The contents of all the components except crude fibre of the mushroom from the rice straw media were higher than those from the sawdust media. Little change was observed in the content of the components of mushroom cropped from the first to the third period, but slight decrease was noticed at the fourth cropping.

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Structural and Compositional Characteristics of Skarn Zinc-Lead Deposits in the Yeonhwa-Ulchin Mining District, Southeastern Taebaegsan Region, Korea Part II : The Yeonhwa II Mine (연화(蓮花)-울진광산지대(蔚珍鑛山地帶) 스카른연(鉛)·아연광상(亞鉛鑛床)의 구조적(構造的) 및 성분적(成分的) 특징(特徵) 기이(其二) : 제2연화광산(第二蓮花鑛山))

  • Yun, Suckew
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.147-176
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    • 1979
  • The Yeonhwa II zinc-lead mine is characterized by a dozen of moderately dipping tabular orebodies of skarn and zinc-lead sulfides, developed in accordance with the ENE-trending bedding thrusts and bedding planes of the Pungchon Limestone and underlying Myobong Formation, mostly along the contacts of a ENE-trending sill and a NW-trending dike of quartz mononite porphyry. The orebodies occur in three groups: (1) the footwall Wolgok orebodies with respect to the sill, (2) the hangingwall Wolgok orebodies, and (3) the Seongok orebodies extended from dike contacts into carbonate beds. Mineral compositions of these orebodies are dominated by calc-silicates (skarn) associated with ore minerals of sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite, as well as sulfide gangue of pyrrhotite. A pair of exo- and endo-skerns in the Wolgok footwall contact aureole between the Pungchon Limestone and quartz monzonite porphyry on the -120 level represents a well-developed symmetrical pattern of mineral zoning: a garnet/quartz zone in the center of exoskarn, two zones of pyroxene with ore minerals on both sides of the garnet/quartz zone, further outwards-an epidote/chlorite-bearing hornfelsic zone in the Myobong slate beyond a zone of unaffected limestone, and an epidote-dominated zone of endo skarn on the opposite side toward fresh quartz monzonite porphyry. These features indicate a combination of two effects on the skarn formation: (1) differences in composition of the host rocks(sedimentary and ignous), and (2) progressive outward migration of inner zones on outer zones on the course of metasomatic replacement of the pre-existing minerals. Microprobe analyses of garnet, pyroxene, pyroxenoids, epidote, and chlorite for nine major elements on a total of 23 mineral grains revealed that: the pyroxenes are hedenbergitic, in most zones, with a gradual decrease of Fe- and Mn-contents toward the central zone, whereas the garnets are andraditic in outer zones, but are grossularitic in the central zone. This indicates a reverse relationship of Fe-contents between pyroxene and garnet across the exoskarn zones. Pyroxenoids are lacking in wollastonite but are dominated by pyroxmangite, rhodonite and bustamite, indicating a Mn-rich nature in bulk chemistry. Pseudomorphic fluorite after garnet occurs abundantly reflecting a fluorine-enhanced evidence of the skarn-forming fluids. Epidote contains 0.19-0.25mole fraction of pistacite, and chlorite is Mn-rich but is Mg-poor. Sulfide mineralization took place with the most Fe-rich pyroxene rather than with garnet as indicated by the fact that the highest value of hedenbergite mole fraction occurs in the ore-bearing pyroxene zone. The Yeonhwa II ores are characterized by high zinc and low lead in metal grade, with minor quantity of copper content in almost constant grade. The hangingwall Wolgok and Seongok orebodies, that formed in a more open environment with respect to their local configurations of geologic setting, are more variable in metal grades and ratios, than are the footwall Wolgok orebodies formed in a more closed condition in a narrow interval of sedimentary beds.

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