• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.691-697
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• 2011

In this study, by using the Water footprint technique, the water consumption by washing machines, which holds higher ranks in using water than any other electric appliances, was analyzed during their life cycle. The life cycle is defined as raw materials production step, manufacturing step, and using step. In raw materials production step, Input materials were researched by using LCI DB(Life Cycle Inventory Database) and the water consumption was calculated with consideration of approximately 65% Input materials which were based weight. In manufacturing step, the water consumption was calculated by the amount of energy used in assembly factories and components subcontractors and emission factor of energy. In using step, referring to guidelines on carbon footprint labeling, the life cycle is applied as 5 years for a washing machine and 218 cycles for annual bounds of usage. The water and power consumption for operating was calculated by referring to posted materials on the manufacture's websites. The water consumption by nation unit was calculated with the result of water consumption by a unit of washing machine. As a result, it shows that water consumption per life cycle s 110,105 kg/unit. The water consumption of each step is 90,495 kg/unit for using, 18,603 kg for raw materials production and 1,006 kg/unit for manufacturing, which apparently shows that the using step consume the most water resource. The water consumption by nation unit is 371,269,584tons in total based on 2006, 83,385,649 tons in both steps of raw material production and manufacturing, and 287,883,935 tons in using step.

• Life and Agrochemicals
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• s.275
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• pp.26-27
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• 2012

농업2.0은 지구온난화의 영향이 미미할때, 비교적 예측 가능한 농업환경하에서 농산물 생산에 대비하자는 표현으로 핵심은 경제적, 사회적, 환경적 요소를 고려하면서 생산과정에서 탄소 발자국(Carbon footprint)을 얼마나 줄일 수 있는가이다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2015

The main purpose of the green buildings by reducing energy consumption and carbon footprint of the building society, global as to ensure the sustainability of the building and the environment. These regulations and schemes are used to activate the green buildings were made on the basis of the relevant laws and regulations. Mainly in the research for the improvement of the domestic institutional assessment items, the analysis of the legislation was fundamentally focused on Scoring the incomplete state. The analysis based on the laws and regulations of the institution is the way to know the purpose and direction of the respective certification. This study was performed in the following order to target the new commercial buildings. First, the analysis of the geungeobeop G-SEED and BREEAM. Second, we analyze the content and method of building energy performance in the certification system. As a result, Green Building Act is broad in relation to the composition of the contents are building for the activation energy green building and EPI is dealt with in an abstract and presented the applicability of such documentary content of insulation and airtightness, efficient machine. In contrast, the UK has been directly limit the carbon footprint of buildings in the Building Regulations Part L and evaluate them in BREEAM. This analysis of the ways to reduce substantially the energy for domestic green building regulations should be addressed through the feed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.267-267
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• 2015

가상수의 흐름을 보다 가시적으로 파악하기 위하여 대두된 개념이 물발자국(water footprint)이다. 이는 흔히 사용되고 있는 생태발자국(ecological footprint)이나 탄소발자국(carbon footprint)에 착안하여 도입된 개념으로 한 국가의 물발자국은 직 간접적으로 물건이나 재화를 생산하는데 국민이 소비하는 물의 총량으로 정의된다. 물발자국을 내적/외적으로 단순히 구분하여 산정하는 방식이 진화하여 1단위의 생산에서 유통 및 서비스까지 확대하여 그 전 과정을 모두 포함하는 물발자국 산정방식이 도입된 것은 최근의 일이다. 직접적인 물사용과 간접적인 물사용을 구분하여 물발자국을 산정하고, 그 위에 물의 성질에 따라 green water, blue water, 그리고 grey water로 각각 개념을 상세화하여 물발자국을 산정하는 방안이 도입되었다. 2009년 물발자국 산정의 표준화를 위한 스위스의 제안이 ISO에 제출되었고, 각 국가들에 의한 투표가 진행되어 2010년 물발자국 국제표준안이 채택되었다. 본 연구는 이러한 국제기구에 의한 일련의 국제표준화 작업을 대상으로 진행되었다. 2014년 ISO/TC 207 국제총회가 개최되어 환경경영시스템(SC1), 환경감사(SC2), 환경 라벨링(SC3), 환경성과평가(SC4), 전과정평가(SC5), 온실가스관리(SC7)의 6개 분과위원회(Sub-Committees)가 구성되어 세부논의가 진행되었으며, 이러한 과정을 분석함으로서 물발자국 국제표준(ISO 14046)과 향후 우리나라의 대응방안을 고찰하였다. 물발자국 국제표준(ISO 14046) 제정을 통해 물발자국의 필요성 및 중요성에 대한 국가 간 합의는 도출되었으나, 적용시기 및 세부적인 방법론 등에 대한 이견이 여전히 존재하고 있다. ISO 14046의 실질적 적용에 필요한 세부사항과 관련된 기술보고서 작업초안(WD 14073)은 작업반(SC5/WG8)에서 진행되고 있다. 그러나 물발자국 국제표준이 국가 간 무역장벽이나 특정국의 진입을 막는 수단으로 사용될 수 있는 점 등 실질적으로 국제표준의 도입에 따른 문제점 역시 존재한다. 본 연구에서 제시된 국제표준의 도입 방안을 통하여 가상수무역의 국제적 선점효과를 기대함과 동시에 수자원의 유효한 활용을 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.716-721
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• 2010

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) carried out to estimate carbon footprint and to establish of LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) database of rice production system. The results of collecting data for establishing LCI D/B showed that organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer input to 4.29E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ rice and 2.30E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ rice for rice cultivation. It was the highest value among input for rice cultivation. And direct field emission was 3.23E-02 kg $kg^{-1}$ during rice cropping. The results of LCI analysis focussed on greenhouse gas (GHG) was showed that carbon footprint was 8.70E-01 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ rice. Especially for 80% of $CO_2$ in the GHG and 7.02E-01 kg of its $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ rice. Of the GHG emission $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ were estimated to be 13% and 5%, respectively. With LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment) for rice cultivation system, it was observed that fertilizer process might be contributed to approximately 80% of GWP (global warming potential).

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.193-202
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• 2017

The study estimated the relationship between carbon dioxide, crop and livestock production index in Ghana: Estimating the long-run elasticities and variance decomposition by employing a time series data spanning from 1960-2013 using both fit regression and ARDL models. There was evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, crop production index and livestock production index. Evidence from the study shows that a 1% increase in crop production index will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.52%, while a 1% increase in livestock production index will increase carbon dioxide emissions by 0.81% in the long-run. There was evidence of a bidirectional causality between a crop production index and carbon dioxide emissions and a unidirectional causality exists from livestock production index to carbon dioxide emissions. Evidence from the variance decomposition shows that 37% of future fluctuations in carbon dioxide emissions are due to shocks in the crop production index while 18% of future fluctuations in carbon dioxide emissions are due to shocks in the livestock production index. Efforts towards reducing pre-production, production, transportation, processing and post-harvest losses are essential to reducing food wastage which affects Ghana's carbon footprint.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between foreign investment and carbon emissions in the Korean electricity sector, the causal relationship between the foreign investment invested in the electric power sector in the 16 regional regions and the carbon emissions in the region, The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of foreign investment on these sectors and the carbon footprint of these sectors using Panel Random Effect Analysis, Panel VAR and OLS models. A panel analysis of foreign investment and regional carbon emissions showed that there was a causal relationship. Based on this analysis, OLS analysis showed that 7 out of 16 metropolitan areas were foreign investment And carbon emissions were significant. In the remaining six regions except Gwangju, there was a causal relationship between foreign investment in the local power sector and the reduction of carbon emissions. After categorizing the electric power industry by device, process, purpose and number of employees, causality also appeared in relation to foreign investment in these sectors and their carbon emissions. Through this study, the authors suggest that foreign investment can be a way to solve not only the financial burden of carbon emission problem, but also the development of national economy and industry through the inflow of capital and advanced new technology.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2014

Global warming has become a major issue all over the world. Noting the carbon dioxide emissions as a main contributor to global warming, we studied on the methods to reduce the life cycle building carbon emissions. Green Building Certification Criteria(GBCC) has been implemented since 2002 in Korea, but it doesn't estimate the quantities of the $CO_2$ emissions. Therefore, we studied the ways to implement the $CO_2$ emissions in quantity to GBCC. We select a government building which was rated excellent by the GBCC. This office building was regarded to excellent building by GBCC but not good for energy consumption. It was found energy glutton buildings for research by the Ministry of Public Administration and Security in 2010. This part of GBCC is need to be improved.. Also LCA (Life Cycle assessment) was carried out to estimate on carbon footprint on this office building. So we need to implementing quantitative evaluation on the amount of carbon emissions by GBCC. And it is possible to implementing quantitative evaluation on the amount of carbon emissions. Through this study, we expect that quantitative assessment of life cycle carbon emissions of buildings by the GBCC. Also expect to reduce the carbon emissions of the building by improving the GBCC.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.87-91
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• 2015

As negative effects of climate change have been visualized and its direct damages to economy have been realized, the global efforts to respond to climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emission were accelerated. Korea's Carbon Footprint Labeling gets a lot of attention as one of the effective methods to contribute to national GHG reduction goal, and for enterprises to show customers how much effort the company put into global warming prevention. Consumers' interest on low-carbon products has been increasing. This study uses Life Cycle Assessment method to calculate the amount of carbon emission of dishwashing detergent, LG Household & Healthcare, which reduced carbon emissions by using raw materials that has relatively lower environment load. Life Cycle Assessment Method is based on guidelines of Carbon Footprint Labeling, Ministry of Environment, and pre-manufacturing, manufacturing, and disposal phase are included while use phase of the product is excluded from assessment. In order to understand the effects of eco-design on carbon emissions, the dishwashing detergent's carbon emissions are compared before and after the change of main raw materials. The result shows the improvement from $0.47kgCO_2eq/kg$ to $0.38kgCO_2eq/kg$ per product, and this means the main raw materials' carbon emissions could be reduced by around 9.4%, which is equivalent to 916tons of GHG emissions per year.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2011.06a
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• pp.117-127
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• 2011

The paper outlines farming systems, including organic, in the UK, and provides a context for the use of biological nitrogen (N) from legumes, especially clovers, and manure in organic grassland systems. As N is dynamic within organic ruminant/grassland systems its pathway is described, including its loss and resultant environmental impact. Improvements in the predictability of response to biological N, its role in reducing the carbon footprint of ruminant products and potential to improve its efficiency are discussed.