• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-21
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the MA response of fresh lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) depending upon film sources and storage temperatures. The fresh weight loss was significantly lower at 5 and $0^{\circ}C$ than those of higher temperatures. And ceramic $80{\mu}m$ film (CE 80) was more effective in preventing weight loss than CE40. The contents of $CO_2$ and ethylene were much higher in CE 80 wrapping than those in CE 40 ones. Rapid accumulation of $CO_2$ was observed at high storage temperature. However, the ethylene content during whole storage period was higher at $0^{\circ}C$ than those at $5^{\circ}C$, but the level of ethylene was remained below 1ppm and did not adversely affected to lemongrass quality. The treatment of CE 80 at $5^{\circ}C$ was most effective on keeping visual quality and chlorophyll content. The storage durations were up to 48 days at $5^{\circ}C$ and 35 days at $0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Results indicated that CE 80 at $5^{\circ}C$ is an optimal condition for MA storage of lemongrass.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.91-104
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• 2019

In this study, hourly measurements of $PM_{2.5}$ and its major chemical constituents such as organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and ionic species were made between January 15 and February 10, 2018 at the air pollution intensive monitering station in Gwangju. In addition, 24-hr integrated $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected at the same site and analyzed for OC, EC, water-soluble OC (WSOC), humic-like substance (HULIS), and ionic species. Over the whole study period, the organic aerosols (=$1.6{\times}OC$) and $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations contributed 26.6% and 21.0% to $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. OC and EC concentrations were mainly attributed to traffic emissions with some contribution from biomass burning emissions. Moreover, strong correlations of OC with WSOC, HULIS, and $NO_3{^-}$ suggest that some of the organic aerosols were likely formed through atmospheric oxidation processes of hydrocarbon compounds from traffic emissions. For the period between January 18 and 22 when $PM_{2.5}$ pollution episode occurred, concentrations of three secondary ionic species ($=SO{_4}^{2-}+NO_3{^-}+NH_4{^+}$) and organic matter contributed on average 50.8 and 20.1% of $PM_{2.5}$, respectively, with the highest contribution from $NO_3{^-}$. Synoptic charts, air mass backward trajectories, and local meteorological conditions supported that high $PM_{2.5}$ pollution was resulted from long-range transport of haze particles lingering over northeastern China, accumulation of local emissions, and local production of secondary aerosols. During the $PM_{2.5}$ pollution episode, enhanced $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was more due to the long-range transport of aerosol particles from China rather than local secondary production from $SO_2$. Increasing rate in $NO_3{^-}$ was substantially greater than $NO_2$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ increasing rates, suggesting that the increased concentration of $NO_3{^-}$ during the pollution episode was attributed to enhanced formation of local $NO_3{^-}$ through heterogenous reactions of $NO_2$, rather than impact by long-range transportation from China.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.926-931
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• 2011

Among various techniques for hydrogen production from organic wastewater, a dark fermentation is considered to be the most feasible process due to the rapid hydrogen production rate. However, the main drawback of it is the low hydrogen production yield due to intermediate products such as organic acids. To improve the hydrogen production yield, a co-culture system of dark and photo fermentation bacteria was applied to this research. The maximum specific growth rate of R. sphaeroides was determined to be $2.93h^{-1}$ when acetic acid was used as a carbon source. It was quite high compared to that of using a mixture of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Acetic acid was the most attractive to the cell growth of R. sphaeroides, however, not less efficient in the hydrogen production. In the co-culture system with glucose, hydrogen could be steadily produced without any lag-phase. There were distinguishable inflection points in the accumulation of hydrogen production graph that resulted from the dynamic production of VFAs or consumption of it by the interaction between the dark and photo fermentation bacteria. Lastly, the hydrogen production rate of a repeated fed-batch run was $15.9mL-H_2/L/h$, which was achievable in the sustainable hydrogen production.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 2021

Hybrid hydrothermal carbonization (Hybrid HTC) technology is a proprietary thermochemical process for two or more organic wastes.The reaction time is less than two hours with temperature range 180~250℃ and pressure range 20~40bar. Thanks to accumulation of the carbon of the waste during Hybrid HTC process, the energy value of the solid fuel increases significantly with comparatively low energy consumption. It has also a great volume reduction with odor removal effect so that it is evaluated as the best solid fuel conversion technology for various organic wastes. In this study of the hybrid hydrothermal carbonization, the effect on the calorific value and yield of Cambodian mango waste were evaluated according to changes in temperature and reaction time. Through the study, parameter optimization has been sought with improving energy efficiency of the whole plant. It is decomposed in the Hydro-Carbonation Technology to Generate Gas. At this time, it is possible to develop manufacturing and production technologies such as hydrogen (H₂) and methane (CH₄). Based on the results of the study, a pilot plant (2t/day) has been proposed for future commercialization purpose along cost analysis, mass balance and energy balance calculations.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.186-194
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• 1994

Lack of seedling vigor is considered a serious deterrent to use of broadleafed birdsfoot trefoil (Lorus comicul~rus L.). Our objectives were to compare early seedling growth of broadleafed birdsfoot trefoil cultivar "MO-20" and the large-seeded accession 302921 at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. in controlled-environment chambers. Cabon dioxide exchange rate (CER) was measured in a closed or open system using infrared gas analysis. Dark respiration rate was measured manometrically. Net carbon accumulated per day and growth analysis of the seedlings were calculated. Initial seed mass of 302921 was 3.5 times larger and final cotyledon area was 2 times larger than those of MO-20, and early seedling growth was better. But, from 3 weeks after emergence until the end of the test period at $25^{\circ}C$, MO-20 showed higher CER per unit leaf area and faster dry weight accumulation than did 302921. Compared with $25^{\circ}C$, growth of MO-20 at $15^{\circ}C$ was suppressed more than that of 302921. Dark respiration rate of MO-20 was slightly higher than that for 302921, but not COz uptake per day for MO-20 was highest at$25^{\circ}C$ and lowest at $25^{\circ}C$. The relative growth rate (RGR) of MO-20 was higher than 302921 at $25^{\circ}C$ due to high net assimilation rate, but there was little difference in RGR between entries at $15^{\circ}C$.}C$.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.244-254
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• 2006

Flame retardants are added to prevent catching fire and to slow down the burning process. PBDEs are known to affect thyroid hormones and hormone disruption. The aim of this study was to propose a manual for determination of PBDEs, and investigate the accumulation of PBDEs(BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) in fish&shellfish and human milk samples. Pre-treatment for PBDEs determination, alkali digestion and L-L(Liquid-Liquid) extraction method could be applied to fish and shellfish. When Multi-layer column was used for cleaning up the sample, 50 mL of hexane and 100 mL of hexane:dichloromethane(9:1) solutions were used for pre- and post-elution, respectively. Activated-carbon column was optimized by a 100 mL of hexane:dichloromethane(3:1). The result of fish, highest concentration was detected in flatfish, 890 pg/g(wet weight). The other side, lowest concentration was detected in pollack, 40 pg/g(wet weight). The result of breast milk, PBDEs was detected 2,580 and 3,600 pg/g(lipid weight) from breast milk of Seoul and Juju, respectively. BDE-153 and 183 were not detected in all samples. There was no difference in PBDEs level was not difference between first and second delivery. In this study, we could find that PBDEs level in Korea is lower than other countries.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.221-229
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• 2023

Extracted from the metropolitan area, the Paldang Lake, which supplies approximately 8 million tons of water, has achieved a BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) of 1.1 mg/L as a result of water quality preservation policies. However, concerning the COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) component that encompasses refractory organic matter, there has been an observable upward trend in concentration. The introduction of refractory organic matter into the water source of Paldang Lake brings potential increments in BOD, generates off-putting tastes and odors in tap water, increases THM (Trihalomethane) formation, and triggers algae proliferation. Moreover, if residual hazardous refractory pollutants persist in aquatic environments, they may induce endocrine disruption and phenomena such as antibiotic resistance. In this study, a monitoring campaign was executed to discern the concentration of refractory organic matter emissions from point and non-point sources within Paldang Lake and its upstream region, with the aim of managing refractory organic matter in Paldang Lake. By comparing refractory organic matter emission concentrations across monitored areas, the elimination efficiency at wastewater treatment plants was assessed. Additionally, employing the Pearson correlation correlation analysis technique, correlations among refractory organic matter indices, antecedent wet days, and antecedent dry days were explored. The concentrations of refractory organic matter in rivers and Paldang Lake exhibited a similar pattern. Wastewater treatment plant effluents exhibited higher concentrations compared to rivers and Paldang Lake. The assessment of refractory organic matter removal at wastewater treatment plants indicated a removal efficiency of 65.73%. However, no significant correlation emerged between refractory organic matter emission concentration and antecedent wet days or priory antecedent dry days. This absence of correlation is attributed to data scarcity, underscoring the need for long-term monitoring and data accumulation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.26-46
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• 2020

An irrigated-maize agroecosystem is viewed as an open thermodynamic system upon which solar radiation impresses a large gradient that moves the system away from equilibrium. Following the imperative of the second law of thermodynamics, such agroecosystem resists and reduces the externally applied gradient by using all means of this nature-human coupled system acting together as a nonequilibrium dissipative process. The ultimate purpose of our study is to test this hypothesis by examining the energetics of agroecosystem growth and development. As a first step toward this test, we employed the eddy covariance flux data from 2003 to 2014 at the AmeriFlux NE1 irrigated-maize site at Mead, Nebraska, USA, and analyzed the energetics of this agroecosystem by scrutinizing its radiation, energy and entropy exchange. Our results showed: (1) more energy capture during growing season than non-growing season, and increasing energy capture through growing season until senescence; (2) more energy flow activity within and through the system, providing greater potential for degradation; (3) higher efficiency in terms of carbon uptake and water use through growing season until senescence; and (4) the resulting energy degradation occurred at the expense of increasing net entropy accumulation within the system as well as net entropy transfer out to the surrounding environment. Under the drought conditions in 2012, the increased entropy production within the system was accompanied by the enhanced entropy transfer out of the system, resulting in insignificant net entropy change. Drought mitigation with more frequent irrigation shifted the main route of entropy transfer from sensible to latent heat fluxes, yielding the production and carbon uptake exceeding the 12-year mean values at the cost of less efficient use of water and light.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.894-903
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• 2003

Protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury is crucial for successful transplantation of the lung. It has been known that nitric oxide has many favorable effects on the donor lungs but at the same time, has some potential side effects of cytotoxicity. In this regards, we investigated whether the administration of nitroglycerin could decrease ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat lung reperfusion model for the confirmation of the effect of nitroglycerin, a donor of nitric oxide, on lung transplantation. Material and Method: 35 Sprague-Dawley species male white rats were used for this experiment. For nitroglycerin group (n=18), nitroglycerin was administered intravenously followed by mixed in flushing solution for preservation. As a control group (n=17), we used the same amount of normal saline. To evaluate the effect of nitroglycerin on the lung, heart-lung block was obtained, weighed and stored in University of Wisconsin Solution at 1$0^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. In each group of the isolated lungs, reperfusion was carried out with Krebs-Hensleit-diluted human blood for 60 minutes. As parameters of the state of the isolated lung, peak inspiratory and pulmonary arterial pressures were continuously recorded. Oxygen and carbon dioxide tension of reperfusing blood were measured before and after 30, 60 minutes of reperfusion. After sixty minutes of reperfusion, protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was measured also for the evaluation of the degree of alveolar flooding. Lung myeloperoxidase activity was determined to verify the accumulation of neutrophils. Results: Although statistically significant differences were not noted in peak inspiratory and pulmonary arterial pressure between control and nitroglycerin group, latter group showed lowering tendency of pulmonary arterial pressure during the entire reperfusion period. Oxygen tension was higher (p<0.05) in nitroglycerin group compared with that of the control group, in contrast, there were no differences in carbon dioxide tension, protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and myeloperoxidase activity between the groups. In the examination of ultrastructural changes, nitroglycerin denoted the protective effect on the pulmonary architecture compared with that of control group. Conclusion: Collectively, on the bases of these experimental results, prior treatment of donor lung with nitroglycerin could result in better preservation of the lung. Consequently, these nitroglycerin preserved lungs are thought to be more suitable for successful transplantation of the lung.