• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2009

닭진드기 성충에 대한 대회향 열매에서 유래한 추출물들의 살비활성 직접접촉법을 이용해서 조사하였다. 실내시험에서 대회향 메탄올 추출물의 높은 활성이 관찰되었기 때문에 그것의 살비활성 본체를 탐색하였다. 그 결과를 현재 사용되고 있는 살비제들인 디클로르보스, 다이아지논 그리고 카바릴과 비교하였다. 칼럼크로마토그라피를 이용해서 대회향 열매의 살비활성 본체를 분리하였고 이것을 GC-MS를 이용해 (E)-아네톨로 규명하였다. 이 활성물질과 비슷한 구조를 갖고 있는 12종의 화합물들의 살비활성과 아네톨의 활성을 $LD_{50}$ 값을 기준하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 2종의 네오멘솔 이성체들이 아네톨보다 강한 활성을 보였고 (0.01 $mg/cm^2$), 2종 멘솔 이성체들, (${\pm}$-이소보르네올, (-)-멘손, 그리고 (1S)-엔도-(-)-보르네올이 비슷한 활성을 보였으며 (0.02 $mg/cm^2$), (1R)-(+)-캠퍼와 (+)-멘손은 아네톨 보다 약한 활성을 나타냈다. 이들 화합물 모두는 각각 0.05 그리고 > 0.2 $mg/cm^2$의 값을 보인 다이아지논과 카바릴보다 더 우수한 활성을 보였지만, 디클로르보스의 활성 (0.0002 $mg/cm^2$)에는 미치지 못했다. 이상의 결과들은 대회향 열매 유래 물질들과 시험한 물질들이 닭진드기의 야외 개체군들을 방제하는데 유용할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.241-248
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• 1988

서양종(西洋種) 꿀벌(Apis mellifera L)에 대(對)한 살충제의 독성(毒性) 및 해독능력(解毒能力)을 조사(調査)하고 농약한계사용량(農藥限界使用量) 결정(決定)에 기여(寄與)하기 위하여 7가지 대표적(代表的)인 살충제의 꿀벌에 대한 독성(毒性)및 해독효소(解毒酵素)의 활성(活性)을 조사(調査)하였다. 효소활성(酵素活性)은 해독효소(解毒酵素)로 알려진 microsomal oxidases, glutathione S-transferases, esterases 와 DDT-dehydrochlorinase를 조사(調査)했고 성충(成？)일별의 중장(中腸)을 사용(使用)하여 측정(測定)하였다. $LC_{50}$치(値)의 측정결과(測定決果) 공시(供試) 살충제중(殺？劑中) DDT가 58ppm으로 독성(毒性)이 가장 낮았고 EPN이 1.61ppm으로 독성(毒性)이 가장 강(强)했다. 준치사농도(準致死濃度)의 농약(農藥)이 성충(成？)일벌의 microsomal oxidase에 미치는 영향은 malathion 및 permethrin 처리(處理)가 aldrin epoxidase 활성(活性)을 저해(沮害)시켰고 N-demethylase 활성(活性)은 diazinon 처리구(處理區)에서 증대(增大)되었다. Ghtathione S-transferarse(DCNB conjugation) 활성(活性)은 diazinon과 permethrin 처리구(處理區)에서 증대(增大)되었다. Esterase는 malathion 및 permethrin 처리구(處理區)에서 ${\alpha}-NA$ esterase활성(活性)의 저해(沮害)를 보였고 diazinon처리구(處理區)에서 carboxylesterase활성(活性)이 증대(增大)되었으며 AChE 활성(活性)은 거의 영향(影響)이 없었다. DDT-dehy drochlorinase활성(活性)은 carbaryl 및 permethrin 처리구(處理區)에서 증대(增大)되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 1982

N-Methylcarbamate계(系) 농약(農藥)의 잔류분석법(殘留分析法)을 확립(確立)하기 위하여 MIPC, XMC, BPMC, propoxur, carbofuran 및 carbary에 대하여 diazo화(化)에 의한 비색정량(比色定量)과 N-trifiuoroacetyl (TFA)화(化), pentafluorobenzyl ether(PFB)화(化) 및 dinitrophenyl ether (DNP)화(化)에 의한 유도체(誘導體)의 gas chromatography (ECD)法을 비교검토(比較檢討)하였다. 1) N-Methylcarbamate의 diazo화(化)에 의한 최대흡수파장(最大吸收波長)은 MIPC, XMC, BPMC, propoxur, carbofuran이 460 ㎚이었고 carbaryl은 510 ㎚이었다. 2) 비색법(比色法)에 의한 carbamate의 현미(玄米)와 사과중(中) 회수솔(回收率)은 명명(各各) $80{\sim}104%$, $98{\sim}120%$이었고, 50 g의 시료분석시(試料分析時) 최대검출한계(最大檢出限界)는 $0.03{\sim}0.05$ ppm의 범위(範圍)이었다. 3) Gas chromatography에 의한 carbamate의 분석(分析)에서는 DNP$0.01{\sim}0.2$ppm첨가시(添加時) 현미(玄米)에서 $74{\sim}94%$, 수도체(水稻體)에서 $78{\sim}93%$, 사과에서 $82{\sim}99%$의 범위(範圍)이었고 검출한계(檢出限界)는 50g의 시료분석시(試料分析時) TFA 0.01 ppm PFB 0.005ppm, DNP 0.01ppm이었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2013

Natural zooplankton communities are composed of many different species at different trophic levels in the aquatic food web. Several researchers have reported that in mesocosm/enclosure experiments, larger cladocerans tend to be more sensitive to carbamate insecticides than smaller ones (Daphnia > Moina, Diaphanosoma > Bosmina). In contrast, results from individual-level laboratory tests have suggested that large cladoceran species are more tolerant than small species. To clarify this inconsistency, we conducted a microcosm experiment using model zooplankton communities with different species compositions, where animals were exposed to lethal (near to the 24 h LC50, concentration estimated to kill 50% of individuals within 24-h for the small cladoceran Bosmina) and lower, sublethal concentrations of carbaryl. In the experiment, population densities of the small cladocerans (Bosmina and Bosminopsis) decreased subsequent to the applications of chemical, but no impacts were observed on the large cladoceran Daphnia. Our results supported the reports of previous individual level toxicity tests, and indicated that the sensitivity of zooplankton to the insecticide was unchanged by biological interactions but the response of population can be modified by compensation of population through hatching from resting eggs and/or the persistence of insecticide in the systems.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1038-1046
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• 2008

This study was carried out to develop a small-sized biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the rapid identification of insecticide residues for food safety. The SPR biosensor module consists of a single 770 nm-light emitting diodes (LED) light source, several optical lenses for transferring light, a hemisphere sensor chip, photo detector, A/D converter, power source, and software for signal processing using a computer. Except for the computer, the size and weight of the sensor module are 150 (L)$\times$70 (W)$\times$120 (H) mm and 828 g, respectively. Validation and application procedures were designed to assess refractive index analysis, affinity properties, sensitivity, linearity, limits of detection, and robustness which includes an analysis of baseline stability and reproducibility of ligand immobilization using carbamate (carbofuran and carbaryl) and organophosphate (cadusafos, ethoprofos, and chlorpyrifos) insecticide residues. With direct binding analysis, insecticide residues were detected at less than the minimum 0.01 ppm and analyzed in less than 100 sec with a good linear relationship. Based on these results, we find that the binding interaction with active target groups in enzymes using the miniaturized SPR biosensor could detect low concentrations which satisfy the maximum residue limits for pesticide tolerance in Korea, Japan, and the USA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1760-1772
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• 2006

Mature acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene (gm, 1,836 bp) was cloned from the housefly and successfully expressed in the E. coli CodonPlus (DE3) RIL system (GM-E, 72 kDa) with a yield of 1,630 mU/g fresh cells. Using the gm, 10 kinds of mutants were constructed and expressed for enhancing sensitivity to insecticides. The sensitivity of these mutants to five kinds of organophosphate (OP) and three carbamate insecticides was investigated by measuring the apparent bimolecular inhibition constant ($k_i=k_2/K_d$). Surprisingly, the sensitivity of quadruple mutant IGFT was enhanced as much as 7-fold for acephate, 164-fold for demeton-S-methyl, 484-fold for dichlorvos, 523-fold for edifenphos, 30-fold for ethoprophos, 30-fold for benfuracarb, 404-fold for carbaryl, and 107-fold for furathiocarb, compared with that of GM-E, although the sensitivity of each single point mutant was slightly increased. These mutational studies indicated that (i) contradictory to Walsh et al. [39], the residue 327 is the important key residue for enhancing sensitivity as much as the residue 262, (ii) the residue 82 and additional residues of 234, 236, and 585 are also important, and (iii) sensitivity was cooperatively accelerated as the number of strategic mutations increased.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2005

In vitro studies using detached inflorescences with peduncles were conducted to investigate flower abscission agents in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.). Of the nine compounds studied only three, ammonium thiosulphate (ATS), abscisic acid (ABA) and ethephon induced abscission. Anilazine, benzyladenine, carbaryl, gibberellic acid, napthaleneacetic acid and thidiazuron did not induce abscission. ATS dip treatments did not induce abscission but the spray treatments induced $60.5\%$ abscission at $1500\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $33.1\%$ at $3000\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Severe chlorophyll loss occurred on all inflorescences treated with ATS. Both ABA dip treatments and a $250\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ spray treatment caused abscission $(40\%)$ without adverse effects, and timing of ABA application was important. Because ABA was only significant in the dip treatments, ABA may not be a practical option for field use on ginseng. Ethephon sprays induced more abscission as the season progressed and as the concentration increased. As the dip concentrations of ethephon increased, the abscission rate decreased and the health of the inflorescences declined. The $1500\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ spray of ethephon gave consistent abscission results over the glowing season with little phytotoxicity. Treatment with the competitive ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcy-clopropene (1-MCP) suggested that flower abscission was due to the liberation of ethylene from the breakdown of ethephon.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the difference in species of test fish on the determination of short-term bioconcentration factor in zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio), red sword tail(Xiphophorus hellieri) and goldfish(Carassius auratus). Experimental concentrations of carbamates were 0.05 and 0.10 ppm and chlorothalonil were 0.005 and 0.01 ppm for 3 and 5 days, respectively. This paper reports the measured BCF value on pesticides in various species of test fish, under steady state, and examined correlation between the BCF value and depuration rate constant or LC$_{50}$ or lipid content. Carbamates and chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCF of carbamate and chlorothalonil were increased as incresing test concentration. Carbamates concentration in fish extract and BCF of carbamate were decreased as incresing test period, but chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCF of chlorothalonil were increased as prolonging test period. Determined pesticide concentration in fish extract and BCF were highest in red sword tail, and followed by goldfish, and zebrafish. Determined depuration rate constant were highest in zebrafish, and followed by goldfish, and red sword tail. 96hr-LC$_{50}$ were highest in red sword tail, and followed by zebrafish, and goldfish. Lipid compositions were highest in red sword tail, and followed by goldfish, and zebrafish. Therefore, it is suggested that the difference of BCF between each pesticide due to those of lipid composition of fish and deputation rate constant, while LC$_{50}$ have no effect on BCF.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2007

There are concerns that chemical residues could harm the consumer on the environment, although 50 to 80% of the crops would be destroyed by pests and others without agrochemicals. Environmental fate and ecotoxicity studies are usually carried out to assess the impact on the human and the environment. A comparision of the Daphnia magnia and Simocephalus mixtus toxicity was performed to study the relative sensitivities and discrimination abilities to agriculture chemicals. The species of Simocephalus mixtus was more sensitive to agriculture chemicals than Daphnia magnia. Simocephalus mixtus was approved to be a water flea in determining insecticide and pesticide toxicity by heart-beat rate in a consistency and repeatability. The order of acute toxicity to water flea Daphnia magnia for ecotoxicity test was carbaryl>benomyl>amtirole with both Daphnia magnia and Simocephalus mixtus. The heartbeat pattern after the exposure to agrochemicals was different from that of exposure to heavy metals. Agrochemical leathal concentration test with heartbeat rate measurement was found to be more appropriate than inhibition concentration test with respect to toxicological endpoint.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.194-200
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• 1990

Pyrethroid계 살충제 fenvalerate를 공시하여 실내 감수성계통 배추좀나방(Plu tella xylostella L.)을 인위적으로 누대도태한 후 저항성 발달속도와 정도를 조사하고, 이 저항성계통의 타 살충제에 대한 교차저항성 유무와 정도를 검토하였다. 저항성 발달속도는 fenvalerate 24세대 도태계통에서 도태전에 비하여 66.2배 증가하였다. Fenvalerate 도태계통은 pyrethroid계 살충제인 deltamethrin에 145배의 고도의 교차저항성을 나타내었고, alphamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, tetramethrin에 17.4 -45.0배의 교차저항성을 나타내었다. 유기인계 diazinon, dichlorvos, ethoprophos, EPN과 카바메이트계 BPMC, carbaryl, methorny I에서는 2.1-4.3배의 낮은 교차저항성을 나타내었다. 그러나, 유기인계의 acephate, fenitrothion과 카바메트계 carbofuran에 대해서 비교차저항성을 나타내었다.