• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.365-370
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• 2009

재구성 지방질의 기질로서 사용될 수 있는 중쇄지방산을 함유한 디글리세리드(DG)를 생산하기 위하여 리파제를 사용하여 중쇄지방산과 모노글리세리드(MG)로부터 DG를 생산하는 유기용매를 사용하지 않는 반응 시스템을 고안하였다. 조사된 리파제 중에 Lipozyme RM IM과 Novozym 435만이 중쇄지방산(carpylic acid, caproic acid, capric acid)과 MG로부터 DG를 효과적으로 생산하였다. 고정화 효소인 Lipozyme RM IM을 사용하여 중쇄지방산인 카프릴산과 MG를 반응시킴으로써 DG 생산을 위하여 molecular sieve 첨가에 의한 반응혼합액 중의 수분 제거, 고정화 효소의 수분함량, 반응온도, MG/카프릴산의 몰비율 등의 생산 조건을 최적화하였다. Molecular sieve를 첨가 하였을 때 약 8%의 DG 함량이 증가되었으며 고정화효소(초기 수분함량: 3.8%(w/w))의 수분을 2.8%(w/w) 이상 감소시킴으로써 44%의 DG를 생산할 수 있었다. 최적의 반응 온도는 $60^{\circ}C$로 확인되었으며 $60^{\circ}C$에서 $25^{\circ}C$로의 온도 변화는 FFA의 함량이 증가하여 DG 생산에 적합하지 아니하였다. 조사된 모든 몰비율에서 반응 24시간 후의 DG의 생산량은 40% 전후로 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 화학양론적인 몰비율 1:1(MG/caprylic acid)에서 가장 많은 DG가 생산되었다. 또한 MG와 카프릴산의 몰비율이 0.3에서 1.8로 높아질수록 반응물 중의 FFA의 함량이 34%에서 13%로 감소하였고 MG 함량은 37%에서 50%로 증가하였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.491-499
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• 1999

A great variety of the volatile metabolic by-products was formed in yeast cell during alcohol fermentation. The seibel grape (Vitis labrasca) which was grown in the Southern Korea used for wines. The objective of this research was to identify the volatile flavor compounds during alcohol fermentation and aging at 12$^{\circ}C$. saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe were inoculated and fermented in seibel grape must. The volatile flavor compounds of logarithmic, stationary and death phases were extracted, concentrated and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The volatile flavor compounds were determined by a Hewlett-Packard 5890 II Plus GC which was equipped with Supelcowax 10 fused silica capillary column (60m$\times$0.32mm$\times$0.25${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ film thickness) wall coated with polyethyleneglycerol. The scan detection method allowed the comparison of the spectrum from the chromatogram of volatile flavor compounds to those in data Wileynbs base library. Among the volatile compounds collected by ether-hexane extraction method, the evolution of 20 main compounds, such as 9 esters (ethyl butyrate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl caproate, n-hexyl acetate, ethl caprylate, ethyl caprate, diethy succinate, ethyl hexadecanoate, 2-pheneethyl acetate), 4 alcohols (3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, benzoethanol), 4 ketones and acids (2-octanone, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid), 2 furan and phenol (2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl)phenol, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran) were observed during alcohol fermentation and aging. The production of the esters during alcohol fermentation with S. cerevisiae was higher than those of Sch. pombe. The sensory scores of the aged wine samples in aroma, taste and overall acceptability were not significantly different(p<0.05).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.87-92
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• 1998

Kojic acid (KA) is an antimelanogenic agent which has been widely used in cosmetics to whiten the skin color. However, it has the drawbacks of the skin irritancy and the instability against the pH, temperature, and light. In order to overcome these problems, various topical gels and multiple emulsion creams which can control the release of active ingredient, KA, were formulated employing cream bases of mineral oil with caprylic capric triglyceride and hydrophilic polymers such as chitosan, carbopol. and pluronics. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a synthetic cellulose membrane (MWCO 12,000), drug release characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of KA concentration in the receptor compartment of pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline solution. Drug release from chitosan-based gels (ChitoGel) obeyed to the first order kinetics with a rapid release especially in the initial period. However, pluronic-based gels (PluGel) and carbopol-based gels (CarboGel) revealed controlled release of drug to some extent, followed by the square root-time kinetics. Moreover, the release of KA was further controlled with the W/O/W multiple emulsion creams (MultiCream), showing the apparent zero order release kinetics by virtue of dynamic ratecontrolling membrane of the oil layer. The flux $(J,\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ of ChitoGel. CarboGel. PluGel. and MultiCream in the initial period of 6hr were 73.30, 28.67. 24.04 and 7.72, respectively. On the other hand, the skin irritancy score of ChitoGel and MultiCream were observed as 2.5 and 2.3 respectively, in the rabbit skin irritation test. Although there were insignificant differences at p<0.05 between those formulations, it was possible to conclude that the W/O/W multiple emulsion creams containing KA might be a good candidate for an antimelanogenic drug delivery system due to the controlled release of acidic drug molecules.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.145-153
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• 1994

Ibuprofen is an effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), but it has several limitations in clinical application because of low solubility in water and gastrointestinal irritation. A water-soluble salt of ibuprofen, ibuprofen Iysinate, has been synthesized to overcome these shortcomings, and it was formulated as suppository for rectal administration. Witepsol and polyethylene glycols were employed as suppository bases for either ibuprofen or ibuprofen Iysinate, in order to compare the bioavailability in rabbits. The plasma concentrations of ibuprofen were assayed by HPLC after a rectal administration of ibuprofen and ibuprofen Iysinate, respectively. In addition to the comparison of two suppository bases, the other factors which affect on rectal absorption were also evaluated, especially in the point of not only particle size and shape of ibuprofen Iysinate but also effects of additives such as stearic acid, cetyl alcohol and capric acid. And pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC, $C_{max}$, and $T_{max}$ were also compared. In conclusion, spray-dried ibuprofen Iysinate which was polyporous and spherical shape gave an increased absorption from the rectal formulations with Witepsol Hl5 and stearic acid.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2024

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Thai native cattle grazing in the lowland or mountain forest on carcass characteristics, meat quality, sensory palatability, and chemical composition. Methods: Twelve male Thai native cattle with an average weight of 110±10 kg are allowed to be grazing in the lowland or Phu Phan mountain forest during the rainy season in northeastern Thailand. Results: The carcass characteristics, meat pH, and meat color were unaffected by treatment (p>0.05). The boiling loss was lower in the cattle grazing on the mountain forest (p = 0.027). The cattle grazing in the mountain forest had increased shear force (p = 0.039), tenderness (p = 0.011), and flavor intensity (p = 0.003). The protein and fat were higher (p<0.001 and p = 0.035, respectively) in cattle grazing in the mountain forest. The different grazing systems of the cattle had no effect (p>0.05) fatty acids in meat, except for capric acid (C10:0) and lauric acid (C12:0), which were higher (p = 0.046 and p = 0.049, respectively) when the cattle were grazing in the mountain forest. The different grazing systems did not influence (p>0.05) the unsaturated fatty acids in meat. Conclusion: Thai native cattle grazing in the Phu Phan mountain forest in the rainy season improves meat quality, sensory evaluation, and chemical composition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.711-715
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• 2005

One of the prerequisites for the successful implementation of industrial-scale goat kefir production is to understand the effects of different kefir grains and culture conditions on the microbial and chemical properties of the goat kefir. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the characteristics of kefir grains in Taiwan on the microbial and chemical properties of goat milk kefir, as well as to understand the influence of culture conditions on production of medium chain-length triglycerides (MCT). Kefir grains were collected from households in northern Taiwan. Heat-treated goat milk was inoculated with 3-5% (V/W) kefir grains incubated at 15, 17.5, 20 or 22.5$^{\circ}C$ for 20 h, and the microflora count, ethanol content, and caproic (C6), caprylic (C8), and capric acid (C10) levels measured at 4 h intervals. Our results indicate that incubation with kefir grains results in 10$^6$-10$^7$ CFU/ml microflora count and 1.18 g/L of ethanol content at 20 h of fermentation. Incubation with 5% kefir grain at 20-22.5$^{\circ}C$ produces the highest MCT levels.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.76-84
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• 2002

On-line conversion estimation of enzymatic esterification reactions in solvent-free media was investigated. In principle, conversion to ester can be determined from the amount of water produced by the reaction, because water is formed as a by-product in a stoichiometric manner. In this study, we estimated the water production rate only from some measurements of relative humidity and water balances without using any analytical methods. In order to test the performance of the on-line conversion estimation, the lipase-catalyzed esterification of n-capric acid and n-decal alcohol in solvent-free media was performed whilst controlling water activity at various values. The reaction conversions estimated on-line were similar to those determined by offline gas chromatographic analysis. However, when the water activity was controlled at higher values, discrepancies between the estimated conversion values and the measured values became significant. The deviation was found to be due to the inaccurate measurement of the water content in the reaction medium during the initial stages of the reaction. Using a digital filter, we were able to improve the accuracy of the on-line conversion estimation method considerably. Despite the simplicity of this method, the on-line estimated conversions were in good agreement with the off-line measured values.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.283-294
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 유자 완숙과의 중량비 13%를 차지하지만 대부분 폐기 처분되어 활용이 되지 않는 유자씨앗의 활용도를 높이기 위하여, 냉압착 방법으로 추출한 유자씨 오일의 피부미용 효능을 연구하였다. 유자씨 오일은 주로 oleic acid와 linoleic acid로 이루어진 불포화 지방산을 약 74% 함유 하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 주로 유자 과피에 포함되는 limonene은 약 0.0187%로 매우 낮은 함량을 포함하였다. 유자씨 오일의 DPPH radical 소거 활성능력을 평가한 결과, 5% 농도에서 26%의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능력을 확인하였다. 항염 효능을 확인하기 위해 유자씨오일에 대한 RAW 264.7 세포 독성 시험 및 NO 생성을 시험한 결과, 세포 독성을 나타내지 않는 0.05% 농도에서 NO 생성을 53% 억제하였다. 그리고 항알러지 효능확인을 위한 RBL-2H3 세포 독성 및 β-hexosaminidase 방출 억제 효능 시험에서도 세포 독성을 나타내지 않는 0.05% 농도에서 β-hexosaminidas 방출을 26% 억제함을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 유자씨 오일을 5% 함유한 O/W 에멀젼의 인체 적용 시험 결과에서는 caprylic/capric triglyceride를 동량 함유하는 대조 에멀젼에 비하여 높은 피부 보습 효능을 나타내었다. 따라서 유자씨 오일은 우수한 스킨케어 소재로 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2004

According to increase of using quantity, people interested in the environmental influence by synthetic detergent. The main visible form when synthetic detergent dissolved in water is generating foams. This foam makes coating over water surface and prevents oxygen penetrating in water and make water more polluted with that result. To analyze, components and origins of the foam, and to make clear its environmental influence in this study. The analyzing objects are introducing water of sewage treatment plant from the a tributary to the Han River. After analysis, reached the conclusion like below, Analyzing foams and introducing water by sublation method, average return rate of standard LAS (1.0ppm) is 90%. LAS contents of foams analyzed by UV photometric method and HPLC method are 35.0ppm and 44.5ppm each, and AOS contents of foams analyzed by the same method are 0.6ppm and 0.4ppm each. We can find out by this study's analyzing results that the main components of foams are anion surfactant, it's content and in case of capric acid linoleic acid, it's contents.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.795-799
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• 1989

효모 Kluyveromyces fragilis SKD-7001로부터 정제한 ${\beta}-galactosidase$를 이용하여 시유의 유당을 가수분해 시키고, 이 효소의 처리유로 요구르트를 제조하여 이들의 이화학적 성분의 변화를 검토하였다. 효소의 농도를 3.0units/ml 처리시 120분간 $40^{\circ}C$에서 반응시켰을 때 유당의 가수분해율이 75.0%를 나타내었고, 6.0units/ml 처리시 120분간 반응시켰을 때에는 94.6%이었다. ${\beta}-galactosidase$의 처리유로 요구르트를 제조하여 pH, 산도, 유산균의 생균수를 정토해 본 결과, $40^{\circ}C$에서 8시간 매양하였을 때 pH4.1, 산도 1.04% 그리고 유산균의 생균수는 각각 Str. thermophilus가 $6.5{\times}10^8/ml$, L. bulgaricus가 $8.9{\times}10^8/ml$를 나타내었다. 총 아미노산을 분석해 본 결과 총 함량은 대조 요구르트가 2.63%, LH 요구르트가 2.19%로써, LH 요구르트보다 대조 요구르트 함량이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 유리 아미노산을 분석해 본 결과 총 함량은 시유의 경우 대조 요구르트가 26.95mg%, LH 요구르트가 17.55mg%로써, LH 요구르트보다 대조 요구르트의 함량이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 지방산에 있어서는 LH 요구르트가 대조 요구르트보다 caprylic, capric, lauric acid 등의 저급 지방산 함량이 약간 높은 경향을 보였고, 고급 지방산 중에서는 palmitic acid의 함량이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다.