• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2010

In this study, an earth work design program which will improve the efficiency of earth work and enable to carry out the design using 3D Geospace-based earth work modelling in design stage was developed. Estimate of accurate earth work volume is achievable using 3D grid DEM, and based on this, a mass calculation chart was developed for movement of earth and equipment. In consideration for the resources for various construction equipments needed for civil engineering works, soil conversion and the passage is displayed. In addition, the result is restored in the form of open API-based KLM to make it possible for the users to identify the progress of the construction, thereby enhancing the intuitive understanding of three-dimensional visualization and making it easier to share the result of the analysis.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.67-74
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• 1997

This paper presents the deterministic model to evaluate the two dimensional stability of geotextile-reinforced embankments on soft foundations. The potential failure surfaces in this study are assumed as the logarithmic spiral curves refracted at the boundary of layers. To facilitate the iterative calculations, we developed a program that determines the geotextile tensile force for an geoteztile-reinforced embankments. This program can be used for situations with a varying number of soil layers and soil types. A series of calculations have been made for a schematised situation. The results of these series are collected in stability charts, which are compared with those by circular potential failure surfaces. Using these charts in an early stage of the design provides a reasonable estimate of the stability of geotextile-reinforced embankments. In a later stage a more detailed calculation can be made by the developed programs.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.353-360
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• 2006

The nominal structural stress calculation method proposed by Radaj has included some problems as follows: (a) How the value of the diameter D is decided in the method; (b) It is not possible to estimate nominal structural stress of the spot welded joints with the balanced sheet in-plane load that no general loads are obtained by FE shell analysis. In this paper, the new method for calculating nominal structural stress was proposed to solve above-mentioned problems. The proposed method calculates the nominal structural stress through the circular plate theory in theory of elasticity. This theoretical analysis uses not only general loads but also nodal displacements around spot welding provided by FE shell analysis as boundary condition. Fatigue test data of various spot-welded joints could be arranged in a narrow bandwidth on S-N chart using the nominal structural stresses calculated by proposed method. The fatigue life prediction method using the proposed method for calculating nominal structural stress is useful for the prior evaluation technique that can predict the fatigue life of spot welding by CAE.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.8
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• pp.1373-1381
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• 2007

This paper presents a graphical windows-based software for the education and training of transmission network charge. The motivation for the development of the simulator is to provide students with a simple and useable tool for gaining an intuitive feel for transmission network charge. The developed simulator consists of the main module (MMI, GUI), the power flow module (PF), the power flow tracing module (PFT), and usage cost DB module (UCD). Each module has a separate graphical and interactive interfacing window. The developed simulator provides with two power system analysis methods (i.e., DC-PF and Modified DC-PF) and supports the PSS/E input data format to load input data of power system. Also, power flow tracing can be calculate using four methods such as "Felix Wu", "Modified Felix Wu", "DCLF ICRP", and "Reverse MW mile". Results of calculation for transmission usage cost are displayed and compared on the window through the table and/or chart. Therefore, the developed simulator can be utilize as a useful tool for effective education and training of transmission network charge.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.573-592
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• 2018

An analytical methodology for the calculation of the flexural and the shear capacity of concrete members with Fibre-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) bars as tensional reinforcement is proposed. The flexural analysis is initially based on the design provisions of ACI 440.1R-15 which have properly been modified to develop general charts that simplify computations and provide hand calculations. The specially developed charts include non-dimensional variables and can easily be applied in sections with various geometrical properties, concrete grade and FRP properties. The proposed shear model combines three theoretical considerations to facilitate calculations. A unified flexural/shear approach is developed in flow chart which can be used to estimate the ultimate strength and the expected failure mode of a concrete beam reinforced with longitudinal FRP bars, with or without transverse reinforcement. The proposed methodology is verified using existing experimental data of 138 beams from the literature, and it predicts the load-bearing capacity and the failure mode with satisfactory accuracy.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 2012

Purpose : IRMA method for the experimental reagents, as set out in the manual settings for doing and reporting the test results should, in principle. But many of the reagents allows for the setting of the plot does not have a lot of information. Depending on the angle setting of the table make a difference in test results and what settings are best suited to investigate. Materials and Methods : The hospital has Boramae DREAM10, Cobra, SR-300's using the Immunotech TSH reagents have been compared with the measurements. Since then there using EXCEL calculation of the equipment compared with the measurement. Results : In the comparison between each piece of equipment 1.SR-300: DREAM 10 y = 1.1376x - 0.046 (LOG-LOGIT), 2.SR-300: COBRA y = 1.0985x + 0.042 (LOG-LOG) 3.DREAM10: COBRA y = 0.965x + 0.0887 (LOG-LOG) was the result. In all charts the same X, Y axis, X values were good in general when you have. Linear-Logit value of Cobra Dream10 and Excel tends to match the calculated values provided. Conclusion : Is to guide the B / max, B / Total Logit Y axis of the chart is set to draw a look at the value equation when the X-axis LOG a high concentration are disadvantages rising urgently toward the slope. Linear-Logit plots close to the straight line has a curve. If you have a chart to guide on setting AS setting and therefore, set to guide the absence of information on the need to set up the experiment are thought to pass through.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.182-188
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• 2008

This paper is to compare the carbon-balanced and liner air-fuel ratio determination methods for alternative fuels. In the previous work, expansion of Eltinge chart, unburned hydrocarbon compensation, comparison of the results from various methods were discussed. It has been also concluded that Eltinge method might be regarded as the most general equation of AFR determination among the existing ones. In the recent years, however, increasing demand for the environmental preservation, including global warming-up protection, and energy conservation lead to introduce the alternative fuel to the internal combustion engine. Therefore, the exact calculations of AFR for these fuels are needed. Especially, for the fuel that contains oxygen, all AFR calculation equations except Eltinge have to be re-formulated. In this paper, the AFR for alternative fuel were calculated by re-formulated carbon balance, accuracy of which was already confirmed, and linear equations, which are newly proposed by statistical method for each fuel. The results show that AFRs based on carbon balance have a little more error compared with gasoline, however, the accuracy is enough for this formula to apply to various fuel. The proposed linear equation also have excellent accuracy below $\lambda=1.2$.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 1971

Some formulae have been derived for the handy calculation of the formation of radioisotope when a reactor is operated regularly on a usual on-off pattern. In particular, the case of isotope production with the present operation condition of tile Korean reactor, which is in operation for 8.2 hours from Monday to Thursday and is not operated on friday and Sunday but is back in operation on Saturday only for 3.2 hours, is discussed herein with special emphasis. Should there be no secondary nuclear reaction resulting in the transformation of produced nuclide, the formula for the calculation of its activity could be derived as follows: (equation omitted) where A: activity (dps), $\Phi$： neutron flux (n cm$^{-2}$ sec$^{-1}$ ), No : number of atoms before the irradiation, $\sigma$ : activation cross section ($\textrm{cm}^2$), λ : disintegration constant of the radioactiveisotope formed (hr$^{-1}$ ), t : elapsed time of target in the reactor (hr), n : number of elasped days of target in the reactor, m : number of days from the first day of sample irradiation to Friday, s, r, q: number of weekday of Friday, Saturday and Sunday, respectively. Since the above formula consists of many invariables on the whole, the activity of each radioisotope to be produced can he easily and conveniently made available from the chart in advance which is made of the invariable terms calculated.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.5-46
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• 1989

The current medical payment Insurance Rates in Korea stipulate charges for medical treatment by the doctor, pharmaceutist, medical technician and maternity nurse. But unfortunately didn't specify those charges for nursing done by the professional nurse. Only basic nursing fee is accounted insufficiently in current medical insurance fee schedule. therefore, Being face with covering entire people by medical insurance by 1991, It seems that the problems pertaining to operating the hospital and medical insurance system would be incessantly expanded in that no mention is made of medical charges rendered by major medical producer service in the current system, For that reason, this study made an attempt to clarify the importance the professional nursing puts of the current medical payment. The purpose of this study was to accounting nursing fee which diveded into the current medical fee schedule. (Method) 1. Data collection; Importance and difficulties in nursing activities was conducted in 'S' National University Hospital. Total nursing activities were selected 72 items which included direct care and indirect care. This study was conducted to evaluating the degree of importance and difficulties according to nursing activities through questionnaire to 204 RN. and so relative difficulties (acuity) were computered because the nursing cost level of each nursing service was differently established by the equivalent coefficient according to degree of relative difficulty and time required. 2. Calculation of cost according to nursing activities; After 47 nursing activities were selected in General surgery nursing units, calculation of nursing cost was as follows Cost of Nursing activity = (relative difficulty X Average hourly wage and benefits of nurse) + material cost of nursing -t- Average nursing administration cost So, Calculated cost by nursing activities was compared to current non-insured and insurance rate. 3. Calculation of nursing cost by K - DRG ; Total of 578 patients who were hospitalized in General Surgery units from January to March 1988 ware classified by K - DRG After estimation of total nursing cost based on the K-DRG, verified the appropriateness of basic nursing fee in medical insurance rate (Results) 1. Analysis of degree of importance and difficulties were 4.16 and 3.67 based on 5 point scale. This score were judged that it is worthy specifying the nursing fee 2. The nursing cost of 47 nursing service items in general surgery patients showed that the average cost of nursing activity was \1374.5 and The lowest cost was \217 of 'oral administration nursing' item, The highest cost was \11,025 of 'saline enematill clear' item 3. The result of comparison between the calculated cost by nursing activities against the current non-insured and insurance rate showed that 13 items(27.7%) involved to payment of insurance rate, 9 items(19.1%) involved to non-insured rate, remainder 25 items (53.2%) were not charged anywhere of total 47 nursing activities 4. When calculated cost by nursing activities was 100. current insurance rate was 62.3, non-insured rate was 176.6. Therefore this showed that most of non-insured rate were higher than calculated nursing cost. The insurance rate, however, were lower than it. Reim-bursement was imputed to non-insured patients. So the current rate system became estrainged from cost system. When Remainder 25 items of nursing activities compared' to \1390 of daily basic nursing fee per patient belonged to payment as a insurance fee schedule, basic nursing fee schedule was 1-2% of calculated cost of nursing activities. Therefore it showed that nursing fee was not counted adequately in it. 5. Nursing cost by K-DRG estimated in chart review based on counting number of nursing activities and length of stay The result showed that average amount of total nursing cost was \183828.1 Comparison of nursing cost calculated by K- DRG and basic nursing fee schedule showed that only 12.3% of nursing cost was charged (Conclusion) From the above research result, It is fact that nursing prime cost should be estimated more accurately and included adequately in current medical payment system. The payment system of nursing activities should be introduced not only nursing activities of drug administration and injection fee belonged to insurance fee schedule but also most nursing activities belonged not to mekical fee schedule. Even if introducing payment system of nursing activities, It should be estimated scientific method of Accounting nursing cost So nurses could offer nursing care of good quality, thereby they could make a great contribution not merely to the convalescence of the patient but to the promotion of the people's health.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.115-118
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• 2012

Purpose: The Levey-Jennings chart controlled measurement values that deviated from the tolerance value (mean ${\pm}2SD$ or ${\pm}3SD$). On the other hand, the upgraded Westgard Multi-Rules are actively recommended as a more efficient, specialized form of hospital certification in relation to Internal Quality Control. To apply Westgard Multi-Rules in quality control, credible quality control substance and target value are required. However, as physical examinations commonly use quality control substances provided within the test kit, there are many difficulties presented in the calculation of target value in relation to frequent changes in concentration value and insufficient credibility of quality control substance. This study attempts to improve the professionalism and credibility of quality control by applying Westgard Multi-Rules and calculating credible target value by using a commercialized quality control substance. Materials and Methods : This study used Immunoassay Plus Control Level 1, 2, 3 of Company B as the quality control substance of Total T3, which is the thyroid test implemented at the relevant hospital. Target value was established as the mean value of 295 cases collected for 1 month, excluding values that deviated from ${\pm}2SD$. The hospital quality control calculation program was used to enter target value. 12s, 22s, 13s, 2 of 32s, R4s, 41s, $10\bar{x}$, 7T of Westgard Multi-Rules were applied in the Total T3 experiment, which was conducted 194 times for 20 days in August. Based on the applied rules, this study classified data into random error and systemic error for analysis. Results: Quality control substances 1, 2, and 3 were each established as 84.2 ng/$dl$, 156.7 ng/$dl$, 242.4 ng/$dl$ for target values of Total T3, with the standard deviation established as 11.22 ng/$dl$, 14.52 ng/$dl$, 14.52 ng/$dl$ respectively. According to error type analysis achieved after applying Westgard Multi-Rules based on established target values, the following results were obtained for Random error, 12s was analyzed 48 times, 13s was analyzed 13 times, R4s was analyzed 6 times, for Systemic error, 22s was analyzed 10 times, 41s was analyzed 11 times, 2 of 32s was analyzed 17 times, $10\bar{x}$ was analyzed 10 times, and 7T was not applied. For uncontrollable Random error types, the entire experimental process was rechecked and greater emphasis was placed on re-testing. For controllable Systemic error types, this study searched the cause of error, recorded the relevant cause in the action form and reported the information to the Internal Quality Control committee if necessary. Conclusions : This study applied Westgard Multi-Rules by using commercialized substance as quality control substance and establishing target values. In result, precise analysis of Random error and Systemic error was achieved through the analysis of 12s, 22s, 13s, 2 of 32s, R4s, 41s, $10\bar{x}$, 7T rules. Furthermore, ideal quality control was achieved through analysis conducted on all data presented within the range of ${\pm}3SD$. In this regard, it can be said that the quality control method formed based on the systematic application of Westgard Multi-Rules is more effective than the Levey-Jennings chart and can maximize error detection.