• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.447-459
• /
• 2004

Fortified foods are consumed widely in modem society according to increased concern on health oriented foods. This study investigated the patterns of vitamin-and/or mineral-fortified food use among 677 teenage students(13-18 years of age) in Chungnam province and Daejeon city in Korea using questionnaire. More than 63.7% of total subjects consumed more than one package of fortified foods belonged to more than three categories of five categories including sweets/biscuits, ramyons, beverages, milk and dairy products, and breads as a frequency of more than 1-2 times/week during previous three months prior to present survey. Consumption of fortified foods was higher in middle school students than in high school students(p<0.05), and in females than in females(p<0.001). Users of fortified foods took the snacks more often(p<0.001), and they tended to believe more positively that fortification can be helpful in health maintenance than did non-users. Users preferred vitamin C and Ca(calcium) as a fortified nutrient. Major fortified nutrients in fortified foods taken by users were various; vitamin B-complex and Ca from sweets/biscuits, Ca from ramyons, vitamin C and Ca from beverages, Ca and iron from milk and dairy products and breads. These results suggest that fortified foods are used commonly and are influenced by several factors among teenagers. Types of fortified nutrient, in fortified foods taken by subjects, are various and fortification is performed unspecifically. As a consequence both nutrition education and government regulation on fortified foods should be enforced to maximize the benefits and minimize the hazard of their use.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.160-167
• /
• 1998

Current status of nutrient fortification in processed food in Korea were presented by analyzing the information shown on food labels. The obtained information was assessed by the regulations on food fortification in both Korea and other countries including Codex. The most current regulations were gathered from internet. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Major nutrients fortified were calcium, Vit C, Vit B complex, iron and fiber. The forfified foods were not limitted to certain food group with more frequent fortification in snackfoods, cereal, ramyun, retort pouch foods, milk, and youguart. The descriptive terms of nutrition label for the fortification were various including high, supplemented, added, source, fortified, and abundance though the difference among these terms were not distinct. 2. Current regulation on nutrition label requires to give the content of the fortified nutrient and % RDA. However not all of food items carry above information. Also some ingredients such as chitosan, DHA, taurine, $\omega$-3 fatty acid, chondrichin, bifidus were supplemented mainly to the snack foods which FDA(USA) does not allow to be fortified. 3. The nutrient most frequently fortified was calcium and general practice of fortification appears to follow the regulation in Korea. Presently the regulation itself is not well described, this nutient fortification can cause toxic effect. Since calcium was supplemented to wide range of food group consumers who are not conscious of the safe upper limit may intake the fortified food up to the level of 2g/day. 4. For the effective fortification in Korea, the regulation on fortification should be reformed in accordance with the international guideline Codex and the regulations in other countries especially in America and Japan.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제39권6호
• /
• pp.539-548
• /
• 2006

In recent years a concern of excessive intakes of vitamins and minerals from various sources is increasing, since there has been a marked increase in production and consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements and fortified foods. The purpose of this study was to assess the maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from various sources including diet, fortified foods, and health functional foods among Koreans. As a result, the highest exposure group of most vitamins and minerals from diet was adults (30 - 49 years of age) according to 2001 Korean National Nutrition and Health Survey Report. Maximum dietary intakes of vitamin A, $B_1,\;B_2$, C, nicotinamide, calcium, phosphorus and iron were 0.5 - 7 times of the RDA for Koreans, 7th ed. Maximum intakes of vitamins and minerals from fortified foods by adults (20 - 59 years of age) were 8 - 760% of the Korean RDA. In addition, maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from vitamin mineral health functional foods by middle aged people was 35 - 140% of the upper limits (UL: DRI for Koreans). As a consequence, maximum combined intakes of vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, calcium, iron and zinc from the above sources including diet, fortified foods and vitamin mineral health functional foods were greater than the UL. These results would be applied for determining the safe upper limits of vitamin and mineral of health functional foods.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.170-176
• /
• 2002

서울시내 백화점과 대형 마트에서 판매되는 칼슘강화식품을 조사하여 이들을 곡류가공품, 우유 및 유제품, 식.어육가공품, 라면류, 레토르트식품, 쥬스 및 음료류, 기타로 분류하고 각 제품에 표기된 영양표시를 중심으로 현재 우리나라 칼슘강화 현황과 영양표시 실태를 살펴보았다. 그러나 본 조사에서는 특정인을 위한 건강보조식품이나 특수영양식품 및 유아용 조제유와 이유식은 대상에서 제외하였다. 조사된 캄슘강화식품은 총 81건이었으며 곡류가공품, 라면류를 중심으로 광범위한 식품군에 강화되었다. 특히 칼슘이 기호식품에 첨가됨으로서 소비자의 식사 패턴과 기호도에 따라 개인별로 칼슘 섭취량의 차이가 클 가능성이 있었다. 그리고 칼슘강화식품은 대부분 칼슘이 단독으로 강화되었고 그 다음으로 칼슘 이외에 1종의 영양소가 추가로 강화된 제품들이 많았고 식품군에 따라서는 약간의 차이를 보였다. 특히 우유 및 유제품 식품군은 다중 강화식품군으로 한 제품과 칼슘과 1~8종의 영양소가 동시에 강화되었다. 또한 같이 첨가되는 영양소의 종류는 DHA가 가장 많았으며 그 외에 비타민류, 무기질류 등이 있었다. 제품의 칼슘함량을 표시하는 기준단위는 주로 '100g/100mL', '포장중량'이었으며 각 제품에 대한 소비자들의 실제 섭취량을 비교하기 위해 칼슘함량을 '1인 분량'당 % RDA로 환산해보면 2.5~27.6% RDA 범위였다. 특히 칼슘이 강화된 제품의 칼슘함량이 '1인 분량'당 10% RDA에도 미달되는 제품들이 많아 강화함량에 대한 전반적인 평가가 필요했다. 영양표시는 표시기준에 규정되지 않은 용어가 사용되고 규정된 용어를 사용하더라도 함량기준에 미달되는 경우가 있는 등 몇 가지 문제점을 드러냈다. 그러므로 영양강화가 제 역할을 다하기 위해서는 시대적인 요구에 능동적으로 대처하는 관련 정부기관의 노력과 식품업계의 강화에 따르는 기술력 향상 및 사후 품질관리가 필요했다. 또한 학술기관에서는 이에 대한 기초연구가 소비자들 대상으로 영양교육을 실시하고 소비자 스스로도 자신에 맞는 식품을 선택할 수 있는 능력을 갖추도록 꾸준한 노력과 관심을 가져야 할 것이다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.3-7
• /
• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of sn-2 palmitic acid-fortified vegetable oil (Sn2PA) on calcium absorption and to confirm the synergistic effects of fructooligosaccharide on calcium absorption. Male SD rats were fed 6 kinds of casein based diets containing vegetable oil (control), sn-2 palmitic acid-fortified vegetable oil (Sn2PA) and Sn2PA with fructooligosaccharide(Sn2PAFO) in two levels of calcium (normal 0.5% and high 1.0%) for 3 weeks. Total lipids, cholesterol, triglyceride and calcium in blood were measured. Feces were collected using cages for 4 days. Serum concentrations of total lipids and calcium were not significantly different among groups. However, serum triglyceride was significantly decreased by fructooligosaccharide supplementation regardless of dietary calcium level. The lipid absorption was not significantly different among experimental groups. Calcium absorption was significantly higher in Sn2PAFO group than other groups. Calcium solubility of intestine was increased by sn-2 palmitic acid supplementation. These results suggest that sn-2 palmitic acid and fructooligosaccharide supplementation could be beneficial for baby foods including infant formula, with regard to increasing absorption of calcium by more soluble calcium in the small intestinal content.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.175-180
• /
• 1998

어류뼈 속에 함유된 칼슘제를 이용한 적색육어류 연제품의 품질 개선을 위한 일련의 연구로 칼슘 강화 적색육어류 연제품의 제조조건 및 저온 저장 중 품질 안정성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 가용성 칼슘 및 젤리강도의 결과로 미루어 보아 적색육어류 연제품의 기능성 개선을 위하여 첨가하는 칼슘제의 적정농도는 고등어 육에 대하여 0.9%이었다. 가용성 칼슘함량은 이 조건으로 제조한 칼슘제 첨가 연제품(105.0 mg/100 g)이 칼슘 무첨가 제품(2.9 mg/100 g)보다 훨씬 높았다. 저장 중 칼슘 첨가 제품은 수분함량, 아미노산 조성, 칼슘 및 인함량의 경우 변화가 없었고, pH, 휘발성염기질소, 히스타민함량, 과산화물값 및 갈변도의 경우 대조제품에 비하여 완만하게 증가하였으며, 생균수 및 대장균군은 검출되지 않았다. 곡류에 부족하기 쉬운 Iysine 등과 같은 아미노산, DHA, EPA 및 칼슘함량은 칼슘제 첨가 적색육어류 연제품이 무첨가 제품보다 높았다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 칼슘제 첨가 연제품은 영양 및 기능성이 우수하고, 식품위생적으로 안전한 식품으로 판단되었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.295-306
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to investigate patterns of fortified food (FF) consumption and intake of vitamins and minerals from FFs among 577 Korean children (12.4 years of age) who attended elementary or middle school. FFs eaten by children as a snack were surveyed using the food record method during 3 days, including 2 week days and one weekend. As a result, 114 FF items were eaten by the children, and several kinds of nutrients such as vitamin A, D, E, B complex, C, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were fortified in these foods. Ca-FFs (65.8%) were most frequently consumed, followed by vitamin C-FFs (33.4%) and vitamin D-FFs (33.3%). The number of FF items in each food group was the most in the milk group (n=24, 21.0%), followed by the beverage group (n=19, 16.7%), and the cookie/bread/cake group (n=17, 14.9%). Fortified nutrients in FFs were in various combinations, but the major combination patterns were Ca, Ca plus vitamins, Ca plus vitamins plus other minerals, and Ca plus other minerals. Daily mean intakes of vitamins and minerals from the FFs were 66-300% more than those of the recommended nutrient intake (RNI ) or adequate intake (AI) for most vitamins and minerals. Daily maximum intakes (95th percentile) of vitamins and minerals from FFs were 1-15 times the RNI or AI for most vitamins and minerals. Vitamin and mineral consumption ratios from each FF group were different according to the kind of fortified nutrient. For example, vitamin C was mostly eaten in fortified beverages (46-54%), and Fe was mostly eaten in fortified cookie/breads/cakes (87%). The above results show that FF consumption varied widely among the children, and that most of the children's foods were fortified with several vitamins and minerals without a common rule; thus, subjects risked over consuming vitamins and minerals by eating FFs. Therefore, practical guideline on FF use for children's optimal nutrition and health should be provided through nutrition education.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.57-65
• /
• 2022

본 연구는 MM의 화학적 조성 및 용해도 특성을 분석하고 칼슘강화 요구르트의 제조의 적용가능성을 분석하고자 실시되었다. MM의 화학적 성분을 분석한 결과 MM은 83% 무기질로 구성되어 있으며, 유당이 7.5%, 단백질은 3.3% 정도였으며, 지방은 1% 미만으로 존재하였다. 무기질을 구성하는 주 성분인 칼슘과 인은 약 46% 및 36%로 1.28:1의 비율로 존재하였다. MM은 pH가 감소할수록 용해도가 증가하였으며, pH 4와 5에서의 용해도는 각각 98%, 53%로 나타났다. MM을 첨가하여 제조한 칼슘 강화 요구르트는 200 mg/100 mL 수준까지 산생성속도, 생균수에서 유의적 차이를 나타내지는 않았지만 점도는 칼슘의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 칼슘강화 요구르트의 미세구조 관찰 결과 겔의 공극이 감소하고 단백질 네트워크가 치밀해지는 변화가 확인되었으나 기호도 특성을 분석한 관능검사 결과에서는 칼슘무첨가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 그러므로, MM은 요구르트는 품질 특성의 변화 없이 칼슘강화 기능성 유제품을 제조하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제39권7호
• /
• pp.692-698
• /
• 2006

The voluntary addition of vitamins and minerals to the appropriate foods may help reduce the risks associated with low intakes of these micronutrients, yet the potential of excessive intake, particularly for persons consuming very large amount of foods needs to be addressed. Using the Flynn's model to estimate the level of each vitamins and minerals that can be added safely to foods, maximum levels of fortification to conventional foods per 100 kcal portion were estimated. Critical factors in the Flynn's model included tolerable upper intake level (UL), each micronutrient intake at the $95^{th}$ percentile, the proportion of fortified foods in the diets of individuals, the proportion of foods to which micronutrients could be practically added, and a range of estimates for fractions of foods which might be actually fortified in each nutrient. Food vehicles included all foods except for fresh foods and alcoholic beverages, in general. With fortification of 50% of all potentially fortifiable foods, micrornutrients could be added safely to foods at levels per 100 kcal 1) > 100% Recommended Intake (RI) for vitamin $B_12$, 2) 1,200% RI for vitamin $B_1$ and niacin, 3) 1,000% $B_1$ for vitamins $B_2$ and $B_6$, 4) 400% RI for vitamin E, 5) 30% RI for calcium, 6) 20% RI for folic acid, iron and zinc, 7) 10% RI for manganese, 8) no fortification for magnesium, phosphorous and vitamin A, and 8) further consideration of vitamin D, copper and selenium due to insufficient evidence. Results of this study suggests a wide range of vitamins and minerals that can be added safely to foods in current diets of Koreans.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.128-134
• /
• 2009

For children, voluntary addition of micronutrients to foods must be done without health risk to any of them. This study examined safe maximum levels of vitamin A and C, and calcium for children based on nutrient intake data from the 2001-2002 and 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in Korea, while using the safe strategy for addition of micronutrients to foods suggested by EU. For the respective 2001-2002 and 2005 NHANES data proportions of potentially fortifiable energy intake ranged 0.36-0.40 and 0.31-0.34 and the $95^{th}$ percentile intake of energy were 2,325-3,296 kcal and 2,286-3,814 kcal depending upon age groups. Ninety-fifth percentile intake levels of vitamin A were over or close to UL, even without considering supplement intake for some age groups, which suggest that vitamin A fortification to foods required further consideration. For calcium, 12-14 year old children were the most sensitive group for excessive intake and nutrient fortification to foods. In these children, maximum levels for fortification were 242-290 mg and 484-580 mg with 0.135 and 0.068 proportions of fortified food (PFF) assumed, respectively, without considering calcium intake from supplements. With consideration of calcium intake from both diet and supplement, the maximum levels for fortification were 20-36% of those without supplement intake. The maximum fortification levels of vitamin C were the lowest in 3-5 year old children, showing 77-187 mg and 68-164 mg with and without supplement intake, respectively. These results suggest that the model used for risk assessment in this study can be used to help risk managers to set maximum levels for safe addition of micronutrients to foods.