• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.911-919
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of caffeine levels on calcium utilization in rats of different age and sex. Calcium utilization was compared in rats of different age(4 weeks and 10 months) and sex that were fed various levels of caffeine (0, 3.5, and 7mg/100g body weight) for 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in feed intake, serum calcium level, and ash content in tibia among the groups. Fecal calcium excretion was lower in young rats than in adults, Urinary calcium excretion significantly higher in the caffeine groups than that in the no-caffeine group. Daily retention and apparent absorbability of calcium in young rats were higher than those in adult rats. However, there was no significant difference among groups of different sex and caffeine levels. The results of this study suggest that caffeine consumption promotes urinary calcium excretion.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2010

The milk product is one of the major foods which provide calcium for nutritional requirement. In addition to calcium, it supplies diverse nutrients including protein, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, and vitamin $B_2$. Adequate calcium intake throughout lifetime ensures optimum bone density and prevents osteoporosis in old age by reducing loss of bone mineral during growth and aging. The nutritional deficiency of calcium intake and spreading of osteoporosis in Korean population accentuated necessity of adequate calcium intake through milk consumption. Obstruction of milk consumption due to lactose intolerance should be overcome by educational programs for adequate milk consumption and low-lactose milk product developments. Consumption of milk products was reported to prevent high blood pressure in clinical studies and epidemiological investigations. As the feeding of milk increased, the body weight and fat of animal decreased in animal studies. The epidemiological investigations revealed that there was a negative correlation between the amount of milk consumption and the body fat. When calcium was provided as dietary supplement in the clinical trials, the body weight and body fat of subjects decreased. When calcium was particularly supplied as a part of milk, the body weight reduction rate was augmented. Calcium, vitamin D, and conjugated linoleic acid have been reported to exert a role in reducing cancer. The paramount importance of milk in nutrition as a source of calcium and other invaluable nutrients emphasizes consistent supply of milk products to adults as well as adolescents by dairy industry.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.1016-1023
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• 1996

칼슘의 섭취수준이 체내 철분이용에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 생후 4주된 암쥐를 대상으로 요구량의 50%, 100%, 200% 수준의 식이 칼슘을 3주간 공급한 후 헤모글로빈 함량, 헤마토크릿, 혈청과 조직의 칼슘과 철분 함량, 칼슘과 철분 평형을 살펴 본 결과는 다음과 같다. 사료 섭취량, 체중 증가량, 사료 효율, 헤모글로빈 함량, 헤마토크릿, 혈청과 조직의 칼슘과 철분 함량은 칼슘 섭취수준에 따른 각 군별 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 고칼슘군의 신장 칼슘 함량은 저칼슘군이나 적정칼슘군 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.01). 칼슘의 섭취수준 증가에 따라 소변과 대변을 통한 칼슘 배설량과 칼슘 보유량은 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) 칼슘 보유율은 유의적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 철분 섭취량은 칼슘 섭취수준에 따른 유의한 차이가 있어 (p<0.001) 적정 칼슘군이 저칼슘군과 고칼슘군 보다 유의하게 높았다. 소변과 대변을 통한 철분 배설량도 칼슘 섭취수준에 따른 영향을 받아(p<0.01, p<0.05) 저 칼슘군의 철분 배설량이 적정 칼슘군이나 고칼슘군 보다 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 철분과 섭취량, 소변과 대변을 통한 배설량으로 산출한 철분의 보유량, 보유율은 칼슘의 섭취수준에 따른 각 군별 유의적인 차이가 있어(p<0.05, p<0.05) 고칼슘군이 저 칼슘군이나 적정 칼슘군보다 유의하게 낮았다. 이상의 결과로 요구량의 2배 정도의 칼슘 섭취 수준에서 칼슘의 체내 보유량은 증가하지만 철분의 평형은 약간 감소한 것으로 나타남으로써 칼슘보충제의 섭취시에는 칼슘이 외의 다른 무기질의 상호작용에 의한 변화를 고려해야 할 것으로 생각한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.309-320
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• 1995

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of calcium levels(50, 100 and 200% of requirement) on metabolism of Ca, Na and K in Young and adult female rats for 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio among the groups of different Ca intake level. Serum Na level of high-Ca group was significantly lower than that of low-Ca or normal-Ca group in Young rats. There was no significant difference in liver Ca and K contents among the groups of different Ca intake levels. But, Na content in liver was decreased by the increase of dietary Ca intake. Ca content in kidney of high-Ca group in young rats and normal-Ca group in adult rats were significantly higher than those of other groups. Na content in kidney of low-Ca group was lower than those of normal-Ca and high-Ca groups. Urinary excretions of Na and K and fecal excretion of Ca were increased by the increase of dietary Ca intake. But, fecal excretions of Na and K were not affected by dietary Ca intake. According to this study, it was found that the high Ca consumption promotes excretions of fecal Ca and urinary Na and K in rats. The study verifies the need for more study on the interrelationship among Ca, Na and K metabolism and bood pressure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.427-439
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to determine whether Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children, which has been developed from data on urban children, can be applied to children in rural areas. A total of 200 children (108 boys and 92 girls) in fifth and sixth grade at three elementary schools in rural areas of Gyeongbuk participated in the survey conducted during June 2012. Questionnaires consisted of items on food intake frequency and dietary behavior. Food intake data were obtained using the 24-hour recall method, and nutrient intake was calculated using the CAN-Pro 4.0 Program. Percentages of children who took less than the estimated average requirement were 76.5%, 49.5%, 45.5%, 33.5%, and 26.0% for calcium, vitamin C, iron, vitamin A, and folate, respectively. Significant associations were observed between intake frequencies of vegetables, kimchi, and fruits, and intake of vitamin C, folate, and dietary fiber. White milk and legumes showed positive correlation with intake of calcium and vitamin A. Eating breakfast, meal regularity, and diverse side dishes showed positive correlation with intake of folate and calcium. The 19 food checklist items could be categorized according to five factors. The mean NQ score of the subjects was 62.0, which was similar to that of urban children, 64.4. NQ score and factor scores for balance, regularity, and practice were significantly lower in children with lower socioeconomic level as compared to those with higher socioeconomic level. Higher NQ score showed an association with increased intake of vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, and calcium. In conclusion, NQ offers a valuable instrument for evaluation of food habit and dietary quality of rural children as well as urban children, and children with low socioeconomic status should be monitored by testing with NQ checklist before implementation of nutrition programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.974-981
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• 1993

The longitudinal changes on contents of calcium, phosphorous and magnesium of breast milk of 23 Korean lacto-ovo-vegetarians(primiparae=11, multiparae=12) at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 months postpartum have been studied. The mean ash content of breast milk per 100ml was 0.21g in total lactating women(n=23), and it decreased significantly during lactation(p<0.05). The mean calcium, phosphorous and magnesium contents of breast milk per 100ml were 26.83mg, 14.01mg and 2.72mg, respectively. Body calcium and phosphorous contents decreased significantly during lactation(p<0.05), but magnesium content tended to increase during lactation. There were no significant differences in ash, calcium, phosphorous and magnesium contents between primiparae and multiparae. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus was about 1.95:1 in breast milk and 0.62 : 1 in maternal dietary intake. In calcium and phosphorous, no correlation was found between maternal dietary intake and the concentration in breast milk. This study suggests that the contents of calcium, phosphorous and magnesium in lacto-ovo-vegetarian breast milk are not different from the concentrations of those in non-vegetarian.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.35-43
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• 1982

The purpose of this survey was to investigate the nutrient and food intake and haematology of the latter half of pregnant women in Nam Hae Do. The nutrient intake study was performed by Twenty-four hour dietary recall method. As Haematology, RBC, Hb. and Hct were measured. 1. The results of nutritional survey were, 1) The mean nutrient intakes that were below the RDA were Protein, Calorie, Calcium and Iron. 2) The mean nutrient intakes that were above the RDA were Vitamin A, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Ascorbic acid. 3) Most of calorie and other nutrients were obtained from vegetable food sources. 4) Animal protein intake was 33% of total protein intake and most of this value was obtained from fish and shell fishes. 2. The extent of malnutrition was explained in terms of the amount of calorie, protein, calcium and iron. The results were, The predicted percentage of deficiency, in case of Calorie, 53.3% of total subjects. in case of Protein, 52% of total subjects. in case of Calcium, 78.7% of total subjects. in case of Iron, 54.7% of total subjects. 3. The results of Haematology were, 1) The mean level of RBC, Hb and Hct were 3.76$\times$106cm/㎣, 10.47gm%, and 32.56% 2) There were significant correlation between calorie intake and Hct level, protein intake and RBC level, Iron intake and MCHC level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.419-429
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary habits and assess the dietary intake of preschool children. Food habit, preference and nutritional supplement status were investigated using a questionnaire answered by the mothers of 453 subjects aged 3 to 6 years old. Also, a dietary intake survey using a 24-hour recall method was performed by mothers of the children. It was found that 81.2% of subjects had milk, dairy products, cookies, fruit and bread between meals once or twice per day. As well, 60.3% of subjects had an unbalanced diet and 20.7% had an overeating habit. Thus, unbalanced diet was a serious problem for many of the subjects. Due to weight controls, digestion problems and allergies, 11.7% of subjects had special dietary consideration. And 26.4% of subjects were using nutritional supplements. From the 24-recall survey, it was found that all nutrient intakes were higher than the Korean RDA except calcium and vitamin A. Nutrient intakes for protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin B2 were significantly different by sex, and also increased with age but not significantly. Children received 35% of daily energy, 44% of daily fat and 52% of daily calcium from snacks, so snacks clearly play an important role in dietary intake. The average number of foods consumed per day by subjects was 17.6 and that dishes was 11.0. Most children consumed 4 or 5 food groups per day. In conclusion, the dietary intake of children aged 3 to 6 were deemed adequate judging from nutrient intake and dietary diversity. More attention should be paid to the nutritional value of snacks in this age group.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.42-52
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• 2014

The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationship between food habits and nutrient intake in college female students. Nutrient intakes of 149 female subjects aged 19.3 y were determined by using 24-hr recall. The questionnaire included general characteristics and food habits (frequency of breakfast and fast food intake). Body composition was determined by bioim- pedance analysis. Nutrient analysis was performed with Can pro software. Statistics were generated using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Mean intake of energy, fiber, calcium, potassium. vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C by the subjects ware below KDRIs. The nutrients for which the largest proportion of subjects showed inadequate intakes (less than the RI or AI) were potassium, calcium, vitamin C and fiber. Subjects that consumed fast food ${\leq}6$ times showed significantly lower intakes of calcium, potassium, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$ and vitamin C. Subjects who skipped breakfast more frequently showed significantly lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C than subjects who ate breakfast more frequently. This is strong evidence that higher intakes of nutrients such as potassium, fiber, and calcium are associated with increased frequency of eating breakfast or decreased frequency of eating fast food. Low calcium, fiber, and potassium intakes may thus lead to chronic diseases. Nutrition education can be an important facilitator for improving nutrient intakes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 1993

본 연구는 16~18세 여자 고등학생 7명을 대상으로 평상시와 같은 생활양식과 적정 체중을 유지시키면서 4주간 각 대상자들이 섭취한 모든 식이와 배설한 대변 및 소변 중 단백질 및 칼슘의 함량을 측정하여 1일 1인당 섭취량과 배설량을 측정하였고, 이로부터 흡수율과 평형상태를 관찰하였다. 1일 1인당 평균 단백질 섭취량은 58.15$\pm$1.15g, 대변을 통한 단백질 손실량은 7.65$\pm$0.27g으로 평균 소화흡수율은 86.5$\pm$0.6% 이었다. 소변을 통한 질소 배설량은 7.39$\pm$0.16g으로 0.70$\pm$0.22g의 양성 평형상태를 보였다. 1일 1인당 평균 칼슘 섭취량은 395.0$\pm$13.0mg, 대변을 통한 칼슘 손실량은 233.6$\pm$15.9mg으로 평균 소화흡수율은 40.1$\pm$4.0% 이었다. 소변을 통한 칼슘 배설량은 145.7$\pm$7.6mg으로 15.7$\pm$15.0mg의 양성 평형상태를 보였다.