• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
• /
• v.66
• /
• pp.113-145
• /
• 2021

As a contemporary exponent of Bauderillard's Simulation and Simulacra, this paper aims to reflect on the 'consumer culture' criticized by Baudrillard from the lens of Christian Education in reading the Drama, Penthouse related to the notions of the consumption-ideology, the desire and violence of image in the post-Covid 19 era. As Baudrillard begins to realize that the concept of simulation rooted from mass media in the modern society, he explains mass media as the emerging of Simulation or the process of Simulation will lead to the impulsion of reality, which ends up with vanishing the original reality. Baudrillard is explaining in his argument that the process of Simulation proceeds among various areas of the contemporary society being manipulated by mass media. While Simulation is the process of producing the hyperreality characterized by the excess of images that seems more real than the original reality, Simulation brought about Simulacra as excess reality or consequently exploding reality. Christian educators in the post-Covid 19 must know how to deal with critical theory by considering positive ways of avoiding questioning of how to articulate what the norm of universal consensus is in the specific situation. In other words, it should be noted that the nature of the ruling ideology and the ideology of consumption has been influenced or manipulated by mass media. Christian educators especially have to help young people in seeing the messages from the images of the screens, television, soap-opera, and commercial advertising making reality as Simulacre which is more real than the original reality. When the medium becomes the message, the power of medium makes the consumer not reach communication with it. This is the main reason in the controversy about the images on television drama, Penthouse and the impact of images on people's mind. As an exponent of McLuhan's belief that "the medium is the message", Baudrillard argues although the message and a subject of Simulacra(excessive reality) is unexpectedly disappearing, the medium itself is vanished through the silence of image. However, the task of Christian education has to fuel how we teach, learn, share and pass on the Word of God as the Message. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the Message of God cannot be vanished or burst with the impulsion of it, but exists forever. With Baudrillard's ideas of Simulation and Simulacra in mind, the work of Christian education as an observation platform can better engage the reflection on a consumer society of consumerism that makes Church community and a consumer irresistible against the Fake world.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2023

Liposomes as drug delivery system have proved useful carrier for various disease, including cancer. In addition, perfluorocarbon cored microbubbles are utilized in conjunction with high-intensity focused-ultrasound (HIFU) to enable simultaneous diagnosis and treatment. However, microbubbles generally exhibit lower drug loading efficiency, so the need for the development of a novel liposome-based drug delivery material that can efficiently load and deliver drugs to targeted areas via HIFU. This study aims to develop a liposome-based drug delivery material by introducing a substance that can burst liposomes using ultrasound energy and confirm the ability to target tumors using PET imaging. Liposomes (Lipo-DOX, Lipo-DOX-Au, Lipo-DOX-Au-RGD) were synthesized with gold nanoparticles using an avidin-biotin bond, and doxorubicin was mounted inside by pH gradient method. The size distribution was measured by DLS, and encapsulation efficiency of doxorubicin was analyzed by UV-vis spectrometer. The target specificity and cytotoxicity of liposomes were assessed in vitro by glioblastoma U87mg cells to HIFU treatment and analyzed using CCK-8 assay, and fluorescence microscopy at 6-hour intervals for up to 24 hours. For the in vivo study, U87mg model mouse were injected intravenously with 1.48 MBq of ⁶⁴Cu-labeled Lipo-DOX-Au and Lipo-DOX-Au-RGD, and PET images were taken at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours. As a result, the size of liposomes was 108.3 ± 5.0 nm at Lipo-DOX-Au and 94.1 ± 12.2 nm at Lipo-DOX-Au-RGD, and it was observed that doxorubicin was mounted inside the liposome up to 52%. After 6 hours of HIFU treatment, the viability of U87mg cells treated with Lipo-DOX-Au decreased by around 20% compared to Lipo-DOX, and Lipo-DOX-Au-RGD had a higher uptake rate than Lipo-DOX. In vivo study using PET images, it was confirmed that ⁶⁴Cu-Lipo-DOX-Au-RGD was taken up into the tumor immediately after injection and maintained for up to 4 hours. In this study, drugs released from liposomes-gold nanoparticles via ultrasound and RGD targeting were confirmed by non-invasive imaging. In cell-level experiments, HIFU treatment of gold nanoparticle-coupled liposomes significantly decreased tumor survival, while RGD-liposomes exhibited high tumor targeting and rapid release in vivo imaging. It is expected that the combination of these models with ultrasound is served as an effective drug delivery material with therapeutic outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.359-367
• /
• 2023

Grapes are one of the most important fruit trees both domestically and globally. Recently, changes in plant phenology and frequent low temperatures due to climate change are increasing the possibility of damage to grape shoots in spring, which is a serious threat to grape production. This study was conducted to investigated the severity of shoots damage and the change of free sugar content in the plant organs by phenological stage, especially, from germination to leafing period. Furthermore, in order to compare the cold hardiness among grape varieties including 'Campbell Early', 'Kyoho' and 'Shine Muscat' widely grown in Korea, lethal temperature (LT₅₀) and free sugar content by grape variety were analyzed. Shoot damage by low temperatures continued to increase as the phenological stage progressed gradually, from the bud burst to the fourth leafing stage. On the other hand, the free sugar content of each organ except leaves continued to decrease, showing pattern to similar to cold hardiness. This indicates a close relationship between free sugar content and cold hardiness. In terms of cold hardiness comparison among grape varieties, 'Shine Muscat' showed the highest cold resistance in the leafing stage with the lowest LT₅₀ and the highest total free sugar content. Next was 'Kyoho' and 'Campbell Early'. There are clear differences in cold hardiness depending on the variety. However, it is not the same at all growth stage. It may change according to phenological stage and influenced by free sugar content at that time.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.822-835
• /
• 1997

Background : There have been many in vitro evidences that interleukin-4(IL-4) might be the most important cytokine inducing IgE synthesis from B-cells, and interferon-gamma(IFN-$\gamma$) might be a main cytokine antagonizing IL-4-mediated IgE synthesis. Recently some reports demonstrated that IFN-$\gamma$ might be used as a new therapeutic modality in some allergic diseases with high serum IgE level, such as atopic dermatitis or bronchial asthma. To evaluate the in vivo effect of IFN-$\gamma$ in bronchial asthma we tried a clinical study. Methods : Fifty bronchial asthmatics(serum IgE level over 200 IU/ml) who did not respond to inhaled or systemic corticosteroid treatment, and 17 healthy nonsmoking volunteers were included in this study. The CD 23 expressions of peripheral B-cells, the IL-4 activities of peripheral T-cells, the serum soluble CD23(sCD23) levels, and the superoxide anion(${O_2}^-$) generations by peripheral PMN were compared between bronchial asthmatics and normal subjects. The IL-4 activities of peripheral T-cells were analyzed by T-cell supernatant (T-sup)-induced CD23 expression from tonsil B-cells. In bronchial asthmatics the serum IgE levels and histamine $PC_{20}$ in addition to the above parameters were also compared before and after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. IFN-$\gamma$ was administered subcutaneously with a weekly dose of 30,000 IU per kilogram of body weight for 4 weeks. Results : The ${O_2}^-$ generations by peripheral PMNs in bronchial asthmatics were higher than normal subjects($8.23{\pm}0.94$ vs $5.00{\pm}0.68\;nmol/1{\times}10^6$ cells, P<0.05), and significantly decreased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment compared to initial values($3.69{\pm}0.88$ vs $8.61{\pm}1.53\;nmol/1{\times}10^6$ cells, P<0.05). CD23 expression of peripheral B-cells in bronchial asthmatics was higher than normal subjects($47.47{\pm}2.96%$, vs $31.62{\pm}1.92%$, P<0.05), but showed no significant change after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. The serum sCD23 levels in bronchial asthmatics were slightly higher than normal subjects($191.04{\pm}23.3\;U/ml$ vs $162.85{\pm}4.85\;U/ml$), and 11(64.7%) of 17 patients showed a decreasing pattern in their serum sCD23 levels after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. However the means of serum sCD23 levels were not different before and after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. The IL-4 activities of peripheral T-cells in bronchial asthmatics were slightly higher than normal subjects($22.48{\pm}6.81%$ vs $18.90{\pm}2.43%$), and slightly increased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment($27.90{\pm}2.56%$). Nine(60%) of 15 patients showed a decreasing pattern in their serum IgE levels after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment. And the levels of serum IgE were significantly decreased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment compared to initial values ($658.67{\pm}120.84\;IU/ml$ vs $1394.32{\pm}314.42\;IU/ml$, P<0.05). Ten(83.3%) of 12 patients showed an improving pattern in bronchial hyperresponsiveness after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment, and the means of histamine $PC_{20}$ were significantly increased after IFN-$\gamma$ treatment compared to initial values ($1.22{\pm}0.29mg/ml$ vs $0.69{\pm}0.17mg/ml$, P<0.05). Conclusion : Our results suggest that IFN-$\gamma$ may be useful as well as safety in the treatment of bronchial asthmatics with high serum IgE level and that in vivo effects of IFN-$\gamma$ may be different from its in vitro effects on the regulations of IgE synthesis or the respiratory burst of PMN.