• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1402-1406
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• 2007

Thirty pregnant heifers (Jersey, Holstein Friesian and Hariana) were divided into three groups (10 animals/group) according to their stage of pregnancy viz. seven-month (181-210 days) pregnancy (SMP), eight-month (211-240 days) pregnancy (EMP) and nine-month (241-280 days) pregnancy (NMP) group. Time spent in various feeding activities (eating fodder, eating concentrate, standing rumination, sitting rumination and drinking) by each animal in the three pregnant groups was recorded in four different sessions (each session of 24 h per week). The time spent eating concentrate, eating fodder, standing rumination, sitting rumination and drinking was 61.4, 271.3, 84.6, 367.6 and 10.6 min/day, respectively in the SMP group; 52.7, 289.5, 103.3, 345.8 and 9.2 min/day, respectively in the EMP group and 65.0, 277.7, 138.1, 291.0 and 9.8 min/day, respectively in the NMP group. The animals in the EMP group spent significantly (p<0.01) more time on eating fodder and concentrate compared to the animals in SMP and NMP groups. The pregnant heifers preferred rumination in standing posture in comparison to sitting posture. The time spent on standing rumination was significantly higher in the NMP group whereas the time spent on sitting rumination was significantly lower in this group. Except for the sitting rumination activity, all the other activities were predominant in daytime compared to night time; the diurnal variation was significant (p<0.01) for all the activities.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

In 2009, the world dairy industry had the most impressive experience throughout all the experiences it had. The milk price in major regions fell to their lowest level for decades. Including Korea, the world economy is obviously slowing. The nations' export plunged due to the global economic recession, in result reduced industrial output and domestic demand. In Korea, the intake of liquid milk slightly decreased from 45 kg per capita in 2005 to 44.3 kg per capita in 2008. However, production and consumption of milk increased fast in China and India. According to 2008 statistics, total milk volume of the world trade reached 42 million tonnes and the major exporters of dairy products were EU, New Zealand, USA and Autralia. The tropical countries has traditionally consumed buffalo milk. The production of buffalo milk is increasing faster than cow milk. IDF expected that EU milk production would recover the medium term displaying a gradual growth over the milk quotas phasing-out period, while constantly remaining below the quota level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1990

Extracellular nuclease(s) in buffalo rumen fluid were purified from strained rumen fluid by a procedure involving Seitz filtration, acetone fractionation and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme resolved into two peaks exhibiting both DNase and RNase activities. The molecular weight of enzyme corresponding to peaks I and II were approximately 30,000 and 12,000 respectively. The properties of enzymes from the two peaks, however, were same. Optimum temperature for both DNase and RNase activities was at $50^{\circ}C$. Whereas DNase activity was stable upto $60^{\circ}C$, RNase activity was stable only up to $50^{\circ}C$. DNase activity recorded two pH optima, one at pH 5.5 and the other at pH 7.0. RNase activity recorded a broad pH optimum between pH 6.0-8.0. pH stability of the enzyme coincided with pH optima for both the activities. DNase activity was stimulated by $Mg^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ and inhibited by $Fe^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$ and $Ag^+$. RNase activity was also stimulated by $Mg^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ and inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$ and $Ag^+$. Reducing agents stimulated both the activities.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.136-151
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• 2016

Peri-implant disease is a serious problem that plagues today's dentistry, both in terms of therapy and epidemiology. With the expansion of the practice of implantology and an increasing number of implants placed annually, the frequency of peri-implant disease has greatly expanded. Its clinical manifestations, in the absence of a globally established classification, are peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, the counterparts of gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively. However, many doubts remain about its features. Official diagnostic criteria, globally recognized by the dental community, have not yet been introduced. The latest studies using metagenomic methods are casting doubt on the assumption of microbial equivalence between periodontal and peri-implant crevices. Research on most of the features of peri-implant disease remains at an early stage; moreover, there is not a commonly accepted treatment for it. In any case, although the evidence so far collected is limited, we need to be aware of the current state of the science regarding this topic to better understand and ultimately prevent this disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1025-1030
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• 1999

Fifth one Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes in their last two months of gestation, were selected in NWFP Pakistan. Rectal palpation was carried out fortnightly, until the occurrence of first estrus. Ovulation was confirmed per rectum and milk progesterone levels (MPL). Body condition score (BCS)was recorded weekly. Milk samples were collected weekly for MPL and blood samples fortnightly for metabolites analysis. Milk yield was recorded and samples were collected for milk fat. The buffaloes calving during the normal breeding season (NBS, August to January)had short (p<0.01) postpartum estrus interval of $55.95{\pm}4.90$ days versus $91.15{\pm}11.61 $ days in the buffaloes calving during the low breeding season (LBS, February to July). MPL in the LBS calvers remained lower than NBS calves (p<0.01). The incidence of silent ovulation was higher during LBS as compared to NBS (70.6% versus 29.4%). MPL showed a pattern opposite to atmospheric temperature. In NBS calvers serum glucose levels were higher (p<0.01) and magnesium levels were lower (p<0.01) than LBS calvers. Higher serum urea was found in summer and spring than that autumn and winter (p<0.05). The reproductive performance in buffaloes calving in the LBS coincided with a low BCS (p<0.01). Fat corrected milk production (FCM) was higher in NBS than LBS (p<0.01) calvers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.1019-1024
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• 1999

Fifth one Nili-Ravi dairy buffaloes were studied in North-west Frontier Province of Pakistan. Rectal examination of reproductive organs was carried out on days 14 and 21 and then fortnightly. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for progesterone levels (MPL). Feed samples were collected fortnightly and analyzed. The buffaloes calving during the normal breeding season (NBS, August to January) (p<0.01) postpartum estrus interval of 55.95 days versus 91.15 days in those calving during the low breeding season (LBS, February to July). MPL in the LBS remained lower than the NBS (p<0.01). Shortest postpartum ovulation interval was noted during autumn(August to October), followed by winter (November to January), summer (May to July) and spring (February to April). The incidence of silent ovulations was during LBS than NBS (70.6% versus 29.4%). In autumn there was minimum intake of crude protein (CPI) and maximum intake of metabolizable energy (MEI, p<0.01). Calcium intake was higher in NBS than LBS calving buffaloes (p<0.01). Phosphorus, copper and magnesium intake was lower (p<0.05) and zinc intake was higher (p<0.01) in autumn, It was (p<0.05) and zinc intake was higher (p<0.01) in autumn, It was concluded that onset of breeding season was associated with increasing MEI and decreasing CPI and minerals intake.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.166-170
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• 2003

Ninety samples showing mosaic symptoms on soybean (Glycine max) cv. Sukryangputkong were collected from the Cheongsongkun area, Kyungbuk province in Korea. Initially, DAS-ELISA was conducted far detection of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Negative samples were chosen at random and mechanically inoculated on soybean cv. Buffalo, which reported not to produce mosaic symptoms when mechanically inoculated with SMV. An isolate of SMV, designated as B-1, from Buffalo showing mosaic and mottle symptoms was used for identification and biological characterization of the causal vim. The purified B-1 isolate had spherical particles of approximately 24nm. It positively reacted with the antiserum against Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) but not with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and SMV antisera. CPMV was newly isolated from soybean and had been characterized by host range and by serological and electron microscopic methods. Results of this study suggest that CPMV is the possible cause of mosaic disease in vegetable soybean and that based on sympto-matology, a difference between the typical mosaic and rugose symptoms caused by SMV and CPMV was observed. This is first report of CPMV from soybean in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.239-248
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• 1994

To study the relationship between certain hormones and metabolites and between hormones and milk yield during different stage of lactation, six lactating Karan Swiss cows and six Murrah buffaloes were maintained. Growth hormone, insulin, $T_3$, $T_4$, glucose, BHBA, NEFA and milk yield were studied. Highly negative relationship of growth hormone with insulin and triiodothyronine in cows and marginally negative in buffaloes suggest that insulin and triiodothyronine aid in the process of partitioning of nutrients towards milk production through reducing the demands of nutrients by peripheral tissue. The significant and negative correlation of growth hormone with dry matter intake in both the species suggest that the availability of nutrients from the digestive tract play a role in the regulation of growth hormone secretion. Positive relationship of growth hormone with non esterified fatty acids in both the species suggest that high growth hormone levels may result in fat mobilization and thereby increase the availability of energy precursors for milk synthesis. Insulin was negatively correlated with milk yield and lactose content and positively with milk fat and protein but the degree of relationship varied. In both the species the relationship between triiodothyronine and milk yield was negative and between thyroxine and milk yield was positive. However, it was significant only in cows and not in buffaloes. Thyroxine was positively correlated with beta-hydroxybutyrate and non-esterified fatty acids with milk yield in both the species.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.375-382
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• 1992

The effect of certain factors such as sex of calf, status of buffalo, season of calving, parity and sire on lactation length and total lactation yield was studied in 391 Nili-Ravi buffaloes. The average lactation length was $301.73{\pm}1.87$ (mean $\pm$ SE) days with a range of 181 to 505 days whereas the average lactation yield was $2031.08{\pm}19.16kg$ and ranged from 1023 to 6535 kg for 984 lactations. The differences in the means of lactation length and lactation yield due to the sex of calf were significant (p<0.05). The status of buffaloes had a significant (p<0.05) effect on lactation length but its effect on lactation yield was non-significant. The season of calving had no effect on lactation length but it influenced the lactation yield significantly. The milk yield was highest ($2150.81{\pm}43.52kg$) in buffaloes which calved in spring and lowest ($1959.92{\pm}30.83kg$) in autumn. The effect of parity on both traits under study was significant (p<0.01). The maximum and minimum lactation lengths of $309.82{\pm}3.96$ and $284.16{\pm}7.17$ days were observed in the first and sixth lactations, respectively. The milk yield was maximum ($2150.38{\pm}58.79kg$) in the seventh lactation and minimum (1818.31 60.04 kg) in the sixth lactation. The influence of sire was significant on lactation length (p<0.05) and milk yield (p<0.01).

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 1995

The experiments reported here take advantage of the large number of in vitro matured and in vitro fertilized(IVM /IVF) bovine oocytes which can be produced, permitting the design of controlled experiments to establish a simple defined medium for the study of early embryo requirements. A total of 1,386 IVM /IVF oocytes were used to compare a simple defined medium(KSOM) with more complex culture conditions used successfully for culture of bovine embryos but do not permit study of specific requirements. All experiments were extensively replicated factorials. In Experiment 1, KSOM was superior to Menezo B$_2$ medium in producing morulae plus blastocysts from IVM /IVF oocytes(33 vs 20%, P<0.()5). The yield of morulae plus blastocysts with KSOM was 22% and with BRLC added was 30%. In Experiment 2, (a 2x2 factorial of KSOM with or without BRLC and 0, 1 ng /ml of platelet derived growth factor, PDGF) more morulae plus blastocysts (40%) were produced in KSOM-BRLC co-culture containing 1 ng /ml PDGF than in the control KSOM(12%). In Experiment 3, there was no dose response when 0, 1 and 5 ng /ml of PDGF were added. The results with simple defined KSOM medium are sufficiently promising to indicate that specific requirements of the embryo may be examined in future studies with KSOM as a base.