• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2010

Benzotriazole (B.T.A) which has been mainly used for the stabilization processing method of excavated copper and bronze artifacts is vaporized within 2~3 years after the usage because it is unstable at the acid conditions and cannot protect the surface of artifacts. In this study, NaOH method which has been used for the steel artifacts was applied as a stabilization process for the method of copper and bronze artifacts to gush chlorine ion out. For the reproduction of excavated samples, copper and bronze plates were dipped in 0.1M HCl for 26 hrs to form CuCl, rusted at $70^{\circ}C$ with RH 75% for the formation of corrosion products, and desalted in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The concentration of chlorine ion was measured by using ionchromatography. During the desalting process, a large quantity of chlorine ions was gushed out in early period and corrosion products were not additionally generated through the re-corrosion experiment. This NaOH desalting process was found to be a method of stabilization process for copper and bronze artifacts from the formation of Tenorite (CuO) during desalting as a protection layer for corrosion.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제16권
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• pp.32-45
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• 2015

청동현향로(靑銅懸香爐)는 1971년 경기도 하남시 춘궁동에서 발견된 고려시대의 향로이다. 유물의 표면에는 점토가 두껍게 고착되어 있으며, 부식으로 인해 청동병과 다수의 균열이 존재하고 일부분이 결손되어 취약한 상태였다. 청동현향로의 안정한 보존과 전시를 위해 표면에 고착된 이물질을 제거하고 취약한 재질을 강화하였고, 균열부위와 결손부위는 직조유리섬유로 보강하고 에폭시 수지로 복원하였다. 제작기술을 규명하기 위해 성분 분석과 미세조직을 관찰하였다. 성분분석 결과, 몸체, 귀, 고리, 뚜껑, 꼭지부위는 주성분이 Cu-Sn-Pb인 3원계 청동합금으로 주조하였고, 몸체와 귀는 구리의 함량이 높은 구리못으로 고정하였음을 확인하였다. 미세조직은 α상이 대부분이며 Cu와 S이 주성분인 비금속개재물이 존재한다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권16호
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• pp.41-58
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• 1995

Several comparisons of treatment methods for stabilizing corroded Chinese coins at Shin-an marine sites were investigated. In aqueous solution, the seexamination were performed to show whether chloride ions are gradually removed, patination changes are acceptable and archaeological details are identified. The six desalting methods showed that the orders of removal of chloride ions were ranked electrolysis (electolyte : 0.1M sodium sesqui.)> 5% sodium dithionite(1M NaOH)> 5%sodium dithionite(0.1M sesqui.)> 5% citric acid> 0.1M sodium sesquicarbonate>deionized water. As the examinations of moisture absorption to the relative humidity has compared for bronze disease, all of desalted coins for the R.H 53% and R.H 75%except to R.H 95% are showed serious bronze disease.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2013

Both of avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) can cause mild to severe diease in poultry. In this study, clinical signs, macro, and micro lesions were studied. Eighteen six-week-old SPF chicks were divided into 4 groups (E1, E2, E3 and C1) and housed in different rooms of the isolation facility at CAVAC (Daejeon, Korea). The control group (C1) of 3 chicks was housed separately as uninoculated. Experimental groups (E1, E2 and E3) challenged with H9N2 and/or NDV. E1 group was challenged with 0.1 mL A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 (H9N2) $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ by intranasal, E2 group was challenged with 0.5 mL Kyojeongwon (KJW) $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ by intramuscular, and E3 group was challenged with 0.1 mL A/Kr/Ck/01310/01 $10^{5.6}$ $EID_{50}$ by intranasal and 0.5 mL KJW $10^{5.0}{\sim}10^{6.0}$ $ELD_{50}$ by intramuscular 7 days after H9N2 challenge. In clinical signs and gross findings, E1 group showed 0% mortality, anorexia, and hemorrhage of proventriculus and thymus, E2 group showed 100% mortality within 3~5 days after challenge, anorexia, green diarrhea, hemorrhage of proventriculus, proximal esophagus and thymus, enlargement of kidney, and bronze liver, and E3 group showed 100% mortality within 24~36 hours after NDV challenge, depression, anorexia, green diarrhea, hemorrhage of proventriculus, spleen, and lung, enlargement of kidney, and reduction of thymus size and number. In histopathological examination, E1 group showed depletion and necrosis in bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, and E2 and E3 group showed severe lymphocyte depletion and necrosis with destruction of lymphoid organ structures. In conclusion, co-infection of H9N2 with ND virus causes acute disease with high mortality than single infection and the pathologic lesions were more severe.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.569-576
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• 1997

Fowl typhoid(FT) caused by Salmonella gallinarum is an infectious, egg-transmitted disease and characterized by swollen bronze liver, greenish-yellow diarrhea and high mortality in growing and adult chickens. Since 1992 the outbreak of FT has been increased. Several problems have been occurred such as absence of appropriate vaccines and lack of useful therapeutic methods. In these studies we investigated the pathogenicity of S gallinarum isolated in chickens. To compare the pathogenicity among the species of chickens, all chickens were challenged intramuscularly or orally with $1{\times}10^7$ CFU of S gallinarum. The brown-colored layers were more susceptible and white leghone chickens were more resistant than other species. In the brown layer chickens orally challenged, lethal doses ($LD_{50}$) of the isolates were inoculated at 1 day, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks old chickens with amount of $10^{4.2}$, $10^{4.7}$, $10^{7.0}$ and $10^{7.6}$ CFU, respectively. The chickens which were intramuscularly challenged with the less amount than $10^2$ CFU showed higher mortality than that of the chickens orally inoculated with same dose. Also, we investigated the recovery rates of bacteria from various organs of survival chickens which were challenged orally with $5{\times}l0^7$ CFU of S gallinarum. The bacteria was more frequently and isolated earlier from the liver and spleen than from any other ogans. In the pathogenicity test, the white-leghorn chickens which were known as resistant-strain against Salmonella were artificially immunosuppressed using bursectomy and/or dexamethasone treatment. Mortality of chickens with both bursectomized and treated with dexamethasone was higher(90%) than that of the control group(10%), the bursectomized chickens(10%) and the dexamethasone only treated group(20%). It was suggested that the protective mechanism in chickens against S gallinarum may be required both the functions of B-cells and T-cells.