• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.226-234
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• 2009

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on shape and size, compressive strength, water absorption and heavy metals leaching with various weight mixing ratios in waste ash brick products using waste recycling MSWI(Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator) bottom ash, steel slag and waste building material. The manufacturing processes for the waste ash brick consist of screening, mixing, conveyor transmission, compaction.forming, and curing steps of raw materials. The weight mixing ratios of steel slag around bottom ash were adjusted within the ranges of 10% to 30%. The reported results show that the width and thickness of the manufactured waste ash brick could be satisfied with $90{\pm}2mm\;and\;57{\pm}2mm$, respectively which are K.S. standards of products qualities. And in case of length, only 20-Ba50Ss30, 20-Ba60Wb20 and 20-Ba50Wb30 for the mixing ratios could be satisfied with $190{\pm}2mm$ that is K.S. standards of products quality. The compressive strength and water absorption for 20-Ba50Ss30 and 20-Ba70Wb10 were over $8N/mm^2$ and below 15% respectively that are K.S. standards of manufactured waste ash brick. The results of tests for the heavy metals leaching in the all manufactured waste ash bricks are also passed to the wastes management regulations. The cost analysis of 20-Ba50Ss30 is evaluated. The manufacturing cost is evaluated 34.3 won/brick with 8 hours and 20tons of raw material per day. Incinerators with problems in bottom ash disposal can therefore derive significant benefits from the application of waste ash brick production.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.265-276
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• 2022

A long-term monitoring investigation at Sarushima Battery (Kanagawa, Japan), which is one of the modernization heritages was conducted from 2017.06 to 2020.12. The investigation of the temperature and relative humidity (RH), measurement of the amount of brick decay, and X-ray diffraction analysis of the brick decay was conducted to understand in detail the environment in which the historical brick structure, the state of deterioration, identify the factors of deterioration. Furthermore, it was discussed whether the suitability of these investigation methods for assessing the status, identifying the level of deterioration and the factors that led to deterioration at the historical brick heritages. It was found that the brick deterioration at the site progressed especially in two periods: in April, and from June to August. These periods coincided with the period when the RH inside the structure decreased, and the Toyo-gumi bricks were in the process of absorbing moisture. Several different types of salts were detected in brick decay, especially thenardite, which is considered highly hazardous and destructive during periods when the amount of brick decay increased. Therefore, the RH in the structure and the salts present in the bricks were identified as one of the factors in the deterioration of the bricks at the site. The methods used in this study are appropriate as the initial survey methods for investigating the current conditions and identifying the causes of deterioration because it is possible to understand the environment within the modernization heritages, grasp the details of deterioration progression, and identify the characteristics of deterioration progression and its factors through long-term investigation using the simple methods.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.585-599
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• 2006

This paper describes a series of laboratory tests carried out to evaluate the influence of bed joint orientation on interlocking grouted stabilised mud-flyash brick masonry under uniaxial cyclic compressive loading. Five cases of loading at $0^{\circ}$, $22.5^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $67.5^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ with the bed joints were considered. The brick units and masonry system developed by Prof. S.N. Sinha were used in present investigation. Eighteen specimens of size $500mm{\times}100mm{\times}700mm$ and twenty seven specimens of size $500mm{\times}100mm{\times}500mm$ were tested. The envelope stress-strain curve, common point curve and stability point curve were established for all five cases of loading with respect to bed joints. A general analytical expression is proposed for these curves which fit reasonably well with the experimental data. Also, the stability point curve has been used to define the permissible stress level in the brick masonry.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 1986

In variuos physcial and chemical cause of damage of refractories for steel makin the clarification of the wear mechanism of brick is situated on important factor. In the present paper the wear mechanism of high alumina brick for the arc-furnace roof were inves-tigated by means of XRD, EPMA. SEM and microscopy. The results obtained were summerized as follows : (1) The altered layers which exist in high alumina brick used for arc-furnace roof were verified by mineral chemical analysis and EPMA. (2) The diffusion of materials combined with slag dust and iron oxide from furnace atmosphere in high basic process from hot face to interior was verified. (3)Activation energy for the synthesized slag permeated into the unused brick texture was 47-51 kcal per mole.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.23-24
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is suggesting a basic data for which scientific preservation and rehabilitation of future modern architecture through the analyzing property of clay brick used in modern architecture in a scientific way.The clay brick which is used in the early 1900s has even lower property than present clay brick because of poor plasticity technique at that time. It could be possible to property and effective stability examination of modern architecture from nondestructive testing is significantly associated with property.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-36
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• 2015

Modelling and analysis of a brick masonry building involves uncertainties like modelling assumptions and properties of local material. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a calibration to evaluate the dynamic properties of the structure. The response of the finite element model is improved by predicting the parameter by performing linear dynamic analysis on experimental data by comparing the acceleration. Further, a nonlinear dynamic analysis was also performed comparing the roof acceleration and damage pattern of the structure obtained analytically with the test findings. The roof accelerations obtained analytically were in good agreement with experimental roof accelerations. The damage patterns observed analytically after every shock were almost similar to that of experimental observations. Damage pattern with amplification in roof acceleration exhibit the potentiality of earthquake resistant measures in brick masonry models.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.468-477
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• 2012

This study aimed to mix and test mortar incorporating activated Hwangtoh to improve the Hwangtoh brick bond strength of brick structures. To do this, the bond strength correlation of mortar was analyzed by means of materials and experiment factors and levels, and the optimum conditions were suggested after analyzing the physical properties of brick and the mix ratio of mortar and additive. Furthermore, the compressive strength and bond strength were found to be in inverse proportion, and in terms of the materials and mixing level, W/C ratio, substitution ratio of activated Hwangtoh, and fine aggregate grading were shown to have a considerable influence on the strength. In conclusion, the optimum mixing conditions to improve the bond strength are found to set W/C ratio at 65% and replacmenet ratio of activated Hwangtoh at 10%.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.73 no.4
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• pp.381-395
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• 2020

Study on the inelastic response of bare and masonry infilled Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames repaired using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) subjected to quasi- static loading is presented in the work. The hysteresis behaviour, stiffness retention, energy dissipation and damage index are the parameters employed to analyze the efficacy of FRP strengthening of bare and brick in-filled RC frames. It is observed that there is a significant improvement in load carrying capacity of brick infilled frame over bare RC frame. Also FRP strengthened brick infilled frame performs much better than FRP repaired bare frame under quasi static loading. Repair and retrofitting of brick infilled RC frame shows an improved load carrying and damage tolerance capacity than control frame.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.553-570
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• 2005

Dynamic and static analyses of existing structures are very important to obtain reliable information relating to actual structural properties. For this purpose a series of material test, dynamic test and static collapse test of the existing two brick chimneys, in Tokoname, are carried out. From the material tests, Young's modulus and compressive strength of the brick used for these chimneys are estimated to be 3200 MPa and 7.5 MPa, respectively. The results of static collapse test of the existing two brick chimneys are discussed in this paper and composed with the results from FEA (Finite Element analysis). From the results of dynamic tests, the fundamental frequencies of Howa and Iwata brick chimneys are estimated to be about 2.69 Hz and 2.93 Hz, respectively. Their natural modes are identified by ARMAV (Autoregressive Moving Average Vectors) model. On the basis of the static and dynamic experimental tests, a numerical model has been prepared. According to the European code (Eurocode n. 8: "Design of structures for earthquake resistance") non-linear static (Pushover) analysis of the two chimneys is carried out and they seem to be vulnerable to earthquakes with 0.25 to 0.35 g.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.225-227
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• 2011

This study investigates the effect of crushed fine aggregate and chemical admixture (durability improvement agent, named DIA) on blast furnace slag-based brick. The control brick was made with recycled fine aggregate of 100% and, no cement was used. Test results showed that all specimens developed similar strength, except for the specimen without partial replacement of crushed fine aggregate at 3 days. However, it is interesting to note that this specimen without crushed fine aggregate resulted in the highest strength at 7 days. In addition, the DIA had a major effect on the absorption ratio of brick specimens. For the brick specimens with partial replacement of crushed fine aggregate with 10%, the addition of DIA with only 1% was enough to satisfy the code regulated by KS F 4004.