• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate old and newly designed ammunition boxes from an ergonomic point of view. Background: The ammunition boxes made of wood, which are currently used by the military, have some difficulties such as corrosion and damage of ammunition, environmental pollution, and stock management. Also, damages to the wooden ammunition boxes take place frequently, because soldiers carry them manually. Method: Sixteen participants volunteered to randomly perform lifting, carrying, and side-by-side moving tasks with 4 different old and new boxes, respectively for the ammunitions of 5.56mm, 60mm, 81mm, and 105mm in diameter. The old boxes are made of wood and are currently used in the military, while the new boxes are made of plastics. The joint moments of the elbow, shoulder, back, and knee were measured by using a motion analysis system and force platforms. In addition, an electromyographic system was used to measure the forces of hand and wrist muscles. Results: In most tasks, new boxes caused less joint moments at the elbow and shoulder than old boxes, because the new boxes were lighter and smaller than the old boxes. New boxes also derived less hand and wrist muscle forces due to the provision of fixed hard handles rather than string handles. Conclusion: The ergonomically designed new boxes could reduce the physical stresses of soldiers manually handling ammunitions and be helpful for storage and reuse. Application: This study shows an ergonomic application example for product development and evaluation.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.129-141
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• 2010

의류 인터넷 쇼핑몰들은 판매 상품의 포장과 배송을 위한 상품 창고를 운영하고 있다. 상품들은 동일 브랜드끼리 상자에 담긴 후 선반에 일렬로 보관된다. 상품의 반출 및 상품 관리의 편의상, 상자들은 동일 브랜드끼리 묶여져 선반에 진열되어 있어야 한다. 따라서, 새로운 상품들이 입고될 경우 상품들은 동일 브랜드끼리 상자에 담긴 후 선반 위에 있는 기존 상자들 중에서 동일 브랜드의 상자 옆에 배치되어야 한다. 그런데, 선반 위의 빈 곳이 새로 입고되는 상자를 넣을 수 있을 만큼 충분하지 않다면, 옆의 다른 브랜드의 상자들을 옆으로 밀어서 공간을 확보한 후 새로운 상자를 배치함으로써 동일 브랜드 상자끼리 붙어있도록 해야 한다. 우리의 문제는 이와 같이 새로운 상품을 입고할 때 동일 브랜드의 상자들끼리 붙어 있도록 하면서 다른 브랜드의 상자를 옆으로 옮길 경우, 그 횟수를 최소화하는 것이다. 이 문제의 최적해를 구하기 위해서 우리는 이 문제를 우선 정수계획법으로 모형화하였다. 그런데, 정수계획법 문제는 분기한정법(Branch and Bound) 기법으로 해결하여야 하나, 그 경우 문제해결 시간이 너무 오래 걸리는 문제가 발생한다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 위 재배치 문제를 할당 문제(Assignment Problem)로 완화하여 모형화함으로써 만족할만한 준최적해를 구하는 방법론을 제시하고, 실험에 의하여 그 타당성을 검토하였다. 또한, 이 방법론 하에서 실제 의류 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 컴퓨팅 환경을 고려할 때 해결 가능한 문제의 최대 크기를 도출하고, 그 크기 이내에서 입고 계획을 생성하는 시스템을 구현하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.360-367
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• 1995

The effect of air vent holes, stacking methods of boxes and clearance between boxes on static pressure drop, were measured to design of pressure cooling system. Static pressure drops in air vent hole of carton box were measured for different hole opening ratio from 1% to 5%. Static pressure drop was expressed as a function of superficial velocity as second-degree polynomial. At given static pressure in plenum chamber, static pressure drop in boxes was shown as second-degree polynomial of the number of carton box in series stacking method, as first-degree polynomial in height and parallel stacking method. In pressure cooling of 24 boxes of Tsugaru apple, air flow rates through clearance between the boxes were shown 1.27 and 1.65 times than those of through the inside of boxes at the plenum pressure of 10mmAq and 20mmAq, respectively.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2002

The cyryptographic strength of a Feistel cipher depends strongly on the properties of its S-boxes, which are the strict avalanche criterion(SAC), the propagation criterion(PC) and GAC(the global avalanche criterion). In this paper global avalanche characteristics of S-boxes of the SEED are in-vestigated and compared to global avalanche characteristics of S-boxes of S-boxes of the Data Encryption Standard(DES).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2019

In order to collect base line data for setting up bat boxes, we established a total of 30 bat boxes in 2017. The bat boxes were established on the sidewalls of overpass and on the inside of girder bridges. Since establishing bat boxes, we regularly confirmed whether or not they were used; in June 2018, we confirmed that a total of six bat boxes were being used by Pipistrellus abramus and Myotis aurascens. It was confirmed that P. abramus used one bat box each out of five bat boxes, and that many adult females of M. aurascens used a single bat box as a place for maternity roosts. This result is the first use case for setting up bat boxes across the country, and could be used as baseline data to build roosts for bats by setting up additional bat boxes in the future.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2007

We placed and monitored 2,137 nest boxes to determine how the size of the entrance hole and the box placement influenced nest box selection by secondary cavity-nesting birds and to derive recommendations for the use of nest boxes for management of cavity-nesting birds in forested environments. A total of 566 pairs of seven bird species used the nest boxes from 1997 to 2006, 562 of which were secondary cavity-nesters. Sympatric tits such as varied tits (Parus varius), great tits (P. major), and marsh tits (P. palustris) were common breeding birds in nest boxes, and showed clear preferences for 4.0 cm, 3.5 cm and 3.0 cm nest holes, respectively. Tree sparrows (Passer montanus) and Eurasian nuthatches (Sitta europaea) preferred 4 cm and 3.5 cm holes, respectively. We did not detect selection for the directional orientation for the entrance hole, but the birds appeared to avoid nest boxes that faced steep or gentle upward slopes and those less than 1.8 m from the ground. These results are probably related to avoidance of disturbance and predation. We suggest that diverse species can be supported by the placement of nest boxes with entrance holes of various sizes and that specific species can be targeted by selecting the hole sizes preferred by those species. To attract secondary cavity-nesters, managers should avoid placing nest boxes close to the ground and facing hills. This study also suggests that careful selection and placement of nest boxes is needed to avoid biases in research using nest boxes.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2004

Five type boxes manufactured from cement(A), wood panel(B), charcoal-packed wood panel(C), plywood panel(D) and charcoal-packed plywood panel(E) were prepared. Relationship of preservation characteristic of strawberry and relative humidity, and properties of thermal and sound insulations in the boxes were examined. During the experimental duration, relative humidity in the cement box was highest and lowest in the charcoal-packed wood panel box. Weight loss of strawberry was greatest in charcoal-packed wood panel box and very little in cement box. In the boxes with charcoal-packed wood panel box and very little in cement box. In the boxes with charcoal, strawberry was preserved for 10 days without getting mold, but in cement box it was covered with mold in 3 days. The charcoal-packed boxes showed higher thermal insulation property than the cement box. There were no significant differences in the property of sound insulation among the 5 type boxes. Consequently, it is suggested that charcoal-packed wood panels can be used for a better ecomaterial.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.358-368
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• 1994

Major factors in reducing the stacking strength of corrugated fiberboard boxes in cold storage or transport conditions are high relative humidity, causing elevated moisture absorption by the boxes. The bottom boxes in a stack will deform to the critical deflection causing agricultural products damage there, and eventually additional deflection will cause box collapse and finally toppling of the stack. The study was conducted to determine the water absorption characteristics and the compressive strength of the corrugated fiberboard boxes being widely used in packaging agricultural products in Korea. The sample boxes for the study were selected from the regular slotted containers (RSC) types, and one was the box used in apple packaging (Box A), another one was the box used in pear packaging (Box B). The corrugated shipping containers were made from a large portion of recycled fibers in Korea, and comparing with Box B, Box A was fabricated from fiberboard which contained more percentage of old corrugated containers (OCC) imported from foreign countries than domestic waste paper. The results obtained from the study were summarized as follows ; 1. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the sample boxes was established after about 20 hours, and the EMC by absorption was lower than that by desorption. The EMC increased with the increasing of relative humidity and with the decreasing of temperature, and the rate of increasing was much higher above the relative humidity of 50%. 2. The maximum compressive strength of Box A was about 100 kgf greater than that of Box B on the same enviromental conditions. The strength of the sample boxes decreased rapidly with the increasing of relative humidity. The effect of relative humidity on the strength was a little higher than that of temperature. 3. As the applied load was progressively increased and a level was reached, the vertical side panels ($L{\times}D$) deflected laterally inwards or outwards. The panels deflected laterally inwards at higher relative humidity. 4. The maximum compressive deflection ratio and the critical deflection ratio of the sample boxes were increased linearly with the increasing of relative hunidity, but trends for its ratios showed inconsistant response to temperature.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.105-120
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• 2022

Objectives: This study evaluated nutritional quality of convenience store meal boxes according to store company and meal price. Methods: In May 2020, 71 meal boxes from five major convenience store companies were collected. Respective weights of all dishes and food ingredients included in each meal box were measured with a digital scale. Information on nutritional contents was collected from nutrition fact panels on packages. Food group patterns, dietary diversity scores (DDS), and dietary variety scores (DVS) were analyzed. Nutritional contents, i.e., amounts of energy, protein, and sodium, and percentages of energy from carbohydrate, sugar, fat, and saturated fat were compared with respective standards based on the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Comparison was made among five companies (Company A, B, C, D, E) and three price groups (≦ 4,200 won, ≧ 4,300 and ≦ 4,500 won, ≧ 4,600 won). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the difference of nutritional contents according to company and price, respectively while holding the other variable constant. Results: DDS, but not DVS, significantly differed among companies. The percentages of meal boxes meeting the nutritional standards of sodium significantly differed among companies; the percentage was highest in companies B (75.0%) and C (73.3%). "Company" was associated with amount of energy, protein, and sodium, and percentage of energy from saturated fat. "Price" was associated with the amount of energy and percentage of energy from carbohydrate. The average number of satisfied standards was highest in companies B (5.0) and C (4.0). About two-thirds of the meal boxes provided less amount of energy than the standard; the percentage of such meal boxes was highest in meal boxes with price of 4,200 won or lower. Conclusions: There were significant differences in the nutritional quality of meal boxes according to "company". Meanwhile, higher-priced meal boxes did not necessarily ensure better nutritional quality.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2022

In this study, forty corrugated fiberboard (CF) boxes for fresh produce were collected from farms located in Gyeongsan city and evaluated its characterizations and physical properties according to Korean Standard (KS). The basis weight, flute, and paperboard combination were determined for the characterizations of CF boxes. The measured basis weights of all samples were within the tolerance limit referred to KS and the flutes were B/F, EB/F, and AB/F flute, respectively. The bursting strength (BS), edgewise crush resistance (ECR), and compression strength (CS) were tested to evaluate the physical properties. There are four single-walled (SW) CF boxes showed BS and ECR higher than 638 kPa and 3.30 kN/m, respectively. One SW CF boxes showed BS and ECR higher than 785 kPa and 3.43 kN/m, respectively. In case of double-walled (DW) CF boxes, sixteen CF boxes showed BS and ECR higher than 785 kPa, 4.96 kN/m (AB flute), or 4.90 (EB flute), respectively. The other nineteen CF boxes showed BS and ECR higher than 981 kPa, 5.29 kN/m (AB flute), or 5.20 (EB flute), respectively. All the CF boxes except two samples showed the acceptable compression strength in reference to the guideline of KS.