• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.921-929
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• 2004

Dietary intake of whole grains, vegetable and fruit is known to reduce the degenerative chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidative and antimutagenic effects of the ethanol extract of Korean Millet, Buckwheat, Sorghum and Job's tears were examined by inhibition against iron-induced linoleate per-oxidation, DPPH (1,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical generation and MDA-BSA (malondialdehyde-bovine serum albumin) conjugation, and Ames test using Salmonella. Buckwheat showed the strongest antioxidative effect in three different systems among these four grains, but it showed the lowest antimutagenic effect. Sorghum was the second to Buckwheat in iron-induced linoleate peroxidation inhibition activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity, and showed very good direct-antimutagenic effect in 2-Nitrofluorene treated Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and indirect-antimutagenic effect in 2-Anthramine treated Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with hepatic S9 mixture. Millet showed the strongest antimutagenic effect in Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA 100 with or without S9. Buckwheat contained the highest total flavonoids and polyphenols, 1.14 mg/g and 3.71 mg/g, respectively. Total flavonoid content in these four grains was negatively correlated with $IC_{50}$/ for DPPH radical scavenging antioxidative effect significantly (r=-0.9924, p=0.0076), but not with antimutagenic effect.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the fusion pulses and fusion media on fusion rate and the development of embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer in Hanwoo (Korean cattle). Nuclear donor cumulus and fetal fibroblast cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 38.5$^{\circ}C$ in a humidified atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$in air. The in vitro matured oocytes were enucleated and then the isolated donor cells were introduced. The cumulus cell and cytoplast were fused using one pulse of 70 volts for 40$mutextrm{s}$, two pulses of 70 volts for 40$mutextrm{s}$ and one pulse of 180 volts for 15$mutextrm{s}$. The fetal fibroblast cell and cytoplast were fused using one pulse of 180 volts for 15$mutextrm{s}$ or 30$mutextrm{s}$. The cumulus cell and cytoplast were fused using mannitol and Zimmerman cell fusion medium (ZCFM) as a fusion medium. The fused embryos were activated after the fusion with 10 $\mu$M calcium ionophore for 5 min and 2 mM 6-dimethyl- aminopurine for 3 h. The nuclear transfer embryos were cultured in 500 ${mu}ell$ well of modified CR1aa supplemented with 3 mg/$m\ell$ BSA in th $\varepsilon$ four well dish cove red with mineral oil. After 3 days culture, culture medium was changed into modified CRlaa medium containing 1.5 mg/$m\ell$ BSA and 5% FBS for 4 days. The incubation environment was 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$, 90% $N_2$ at 38.5$^{\circ}C$. When the cumulus cells were fused with enucleated oocytes by three different fusion pulses, one pulse of 180 volts for 15 $mutextrm{s}$ yielded the highest fusion rate and developmental rate to blastocyst among the pulses (P＜0.05). When the fetal fibroblast cells were fused with enucleated oocytes, one pulse of 180 volts for 30$mutextrm{s}$ yielded significantly higher fusion rate compared with that for 15 $mutextrm{s}$(P＜0.05). The present result indicates that the fusion rate between karyoplast and cytoplast was affected by the cell type and the optimal fusion condition was different according to cell type or size. When the fusion was conducted by the use of mannitol and ZCFM, the fusion rate was 71.2% and 65.8%, respectively. The developmental rates to blastocyst were 37.8% and 39.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference between two fusion media in the developmental rate of cumulus cell nuclear transfer embryos. These results indicate that optimal electric current should be selected according to cell type.