• 대한수의사회지
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.633-637
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• 1986

A total of 1.252 quarters milk sample (998 from 267 cows of 37 herds and 254 of received from dairyfarms) in Chunbuk province were classified as clinical and subclinical group by CMT and RBU test. Of these positive sample, the mastitic agents were isolate

• 미생물학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.341-345
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 우유 시료에서 포도상구균속 세균을 분리하고 각 균종을 동정하고 항생제 감수성을 검사하였다. 2009년 1월부터 2009년 10월까지 경기 북부지역 15개 축산 농가에서 287개의 우유 시료를 수집하여 총 79개의 포도상구균속 세균을 분리 동정하였다. 가장 우세한 비율로 분포하는 세균은 S. aurues (43.03%)였으며 coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) 중에서는 S. chromogenes (24.05%)가 가장 우세하게 분포하였다. 9종의 항생제에(ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, teicoplanin, tetracyclin, vancomycin) 대한 감수성 검사를 실시한 결과 대다수의 항생제에 대한 감수성 비율이 높았으나 ampicillin (56.96%)과 oxacillin (39.23%)에 대한 내성 균주의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 31종의 oxacillin 저항성균주 중 8개의 균주가 methicillin 내성에 관여하는 mecA 유전자를 보유하고 있었다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2008

The early diagnosis of bovine pregnancy is an essential component of successful reproductive planning on farms, because lack of bovine pregnancy over the long term results in reproductive failure and low milk yield-the latter of which is a special concern on dairy farms. This study was designed to identify early pregnancy-specific whey proteins in bovine, by comparing milk samples collected from cattle during pregnancy (Days 30 and 50) and from non-pregnant cattle. In this study, differentially expressed proteins in five pregnant and five non-pregnant Holstein dairy cattle were investigated and compared, using proteomics analysis. The first dimension was applied to a pH $3.0{\sim}10.0$ strip, by loading a 2-mg milk protein sample. After the second-dimension separation was performed, the gels were stained with colloidal Coomassie brilliant blue. The stained gels were scanned and the images were analyzed, to detect variations in protein spots between non-pregnant and pregnant cattle milk protein spots, using ImageMaster, this was followed by analysis with MALDI TOF-MS. Analysis of the 2-DE gel image resulted in a total of approximately $500{\sim}600$ protein spots, of which 12 spots were differentially expressed, six spots were up-regulated, and four spots were down-regulated; two spots were identified as pregnancy-specific proteins. These proteins were identified as lactoferrin, NA-DH dehydrogenase subunit 2, albumin, serum albumin precursor and transferrin. Our results via 2-D PAGE analysis revealed composite profiles of several milk proteins related to early bovine pregnancy, implying the possible use of these milk proteins in the early detection of bovine pregnancy.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.265-271
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• 2001

We investigated changes of immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations by heating and drying condition. Also it is performed to group for commercial product by promoting of IgG preservation and reducing of protein denaturation. The result was that content of IgG in colostrum was higher than normal milk. Especially, IgG content of colostrum within 12 hrs after parturition was over 44.67mg/ml and it is 60 times of normal milk. IgG contents was reduced rapidly according as passage of the time. IgG content of the sample heating at 30min at 65$^{\circ}C$ was still a little higher that heating for 10sec at 72$^{\circ}C$. IgG denaturation of heat treatment at 100$^{\circ}C$ for 10sec was lower than at 85$^{\circ}C$ for 30min. We investigated the changes of IgG concentrations of kinds of market milk different with heating processing. This result showed that IgG denaturation ratio by ultra high temperature pasteurization (UHT) was higher than long time low temperature pasteurization (LTLT). On the other hands, IgG content by spray drying was 14.5mg/g and freezing drying was 10.8mg/g. It showed that denaturation of protein content by freezing drying was more than spray drying.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.87-102
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• 1992

본 연구는 우 casein을 신속, 정확하게 분석할 수 있는 특수 면역효소분석법을 개발하였다. Biotin이 연결된 casein과 peroxidase-conjugated avidin을 사용하였으며 면역화시킨 닭의 난황으로부터 추출한 항체를 이용하여 분석하였다. Sulfo-N-hydroxy succinimido biotin을 사용하여 casein에 biotin을 연결시키고 microplate에 고정한 뒤 peroxidase-conjugated avidin을 결합시켰다. 생산된 항체는 $\alpha$-와 $\beta$-casein에 특이적이었으며, 유청단백질, IgG, 우혈청 알부민과 교차반응은 면역효소분석법과 Western blot에서 나타나지 않았다. 본 분석법의 민감도는 2ng에서 20$\mu\textrm{g}$이었으며 Standard와 시료의 분석시 뚜렷한 평행곡선이 형성되었다. Intra-assay와 Inter-assay의 변이계수는 각각 5.5와 5.7%이었다. 그리고 비유 초기의 casein량을 조사한 결과 분만전 3일경부터 급격히 상승하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.126-130
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• 2013

원유시료에서 분리한 장알균속 세균 245균주의 항생제 내성에 관여하는 다중약물 유출 펌프 유전자 분포도와 항생제 내성 패턴을 연구하였다. 그 결과 245 장알균속 균주의 ampicillin에 대한 내성률은 44.1%, erythromycin에 대한 내성률은 79.2%, tetracycline에 대한 내성률은 76.3%, chloramphenicol에 대한 내성률은 36.3%였으며 vancomycin과 ciprofloxacin에 대해서는 모두 감수성임을 알 수 있었다. 내성 관련 유전자 중 MFS타입의 eme(A)는 82.1%의 장알균에 분포하였으며, ABC 타입의 유전자인 efr(A)는 72.7%, efr(B)는 77.1%, lsa는 71.8%의 장알균에 분포하였다. 특히 이러한 유전자의 기원 세균인 Enterococcus faecalis의 경우 eme(A)는 92.5%, efr(A)는 87.4%, efr(B)는 88.4%, lsa는 88.4%의 분포도를 나타내었다. 한편 동일한 장알균속이지만 종이 다른 장알균에서 eme(A)는 E. faecium 4균주, E. avium 7균주, E. durans 4균주 및 E. raffinosus 2균주에 분포하고 있었다. efr(A)는 E. faecium 2균주와 E. durans 2균주에 분포하였으며, efr(B)는 E. faecium 4균주, E. avium 5균주 및 E. durans 4균주에 분포하였다. 본 연구는 우리나라 원유시료에서 분리한 장알균속의 여러 종의 세균에서 동일한 다중약물 유출 펌프(multidrug efflux pump)의 분포에 대한 첫 번째 보고라 사료되며 E. faecalis 이외의 장알균속에서 이러한 유전자의 분포는 서로 다른 종간의 유전자의 수평적인 이동의 가능성을 시사한다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1184-1187
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• 1996

우유 중에 존재할 수 있는 발암성 진균독소의 하나인 $aflatoxin{\;}M_1{\;}(AFM_1)$을 신속, 간편하게 분석할 수 있는 효소면역측정법(ELISA)을 개발하고자 하였다. 소혈청알부민에 공유결합한 $AFM_1\;(AFM_1-BSA)$을 토끼에 면역하여 항체를 생산하고 정제하였다. 이 항체의 유사독소와의 교차반응율은 29.9%이하의 비교적 낮은 교차율을 나타냈다. $AFM_1$의 검출을 위하여 확립한 직접경합ELISA (cdELISA)로 우유에 인위적으로 오염시킨 $AFM_1$을 정제과정없이 ELISA로 분석하는 경우, 우유를 PBS로 40%되게(2:3) 희석하였을 때 양호한 회수율을 보였다. 이 조건하에서 행한 ELISA의 $AFM_1$분석 회수율은 0.3-3.0 ng/ml의 오염농도 범위에서 농도별 회수율로 평균 113%, 그 분산은 8.2%였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 ELISA system은 우유 중의 0.5 ppb이상의 $AFM_1$을 정제과정없이 손쉽게 분석하는데 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1566-1575
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• 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are abundant in bovine milk and milk derived from other livestock, and they have functional roles in infants and in the secretion process of mammary glands. However, few studies have evaluated miRNAs in dairy processes, such as during cheese making and ripening. Thus, we investigated the characteristics of milk-derived miRNAs during the manufacturing and ripening of Camembert cheese as well as the microbiota present using the quantitative reverse transcription polymer chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and 16S rRNA pyrosequencing, respectively. Pyrosequencing showed that the cheese microbiota changed dramatically during cheese processing, including during the pasteurization, starter culture, and ripening stages. Our results indicated that the RNA contents per $200mg/200{\mu}l$ of the sample increased significantly during cheese-making and ripening. The inner cheese fractions had higher RNA contents than the surfaces after 12 and 22 days of ripening in a time-dependent manner (21.9 and 13.2 times higher in the inner and surface fractions than raw milk, respectively). We performed a comparative analysis of the miRNAs in each fraction by RT-qPCR. Large amounts of miRNAs (miR-93, miR-106a, miR-130, miR-155, miR-181a, and miR-223) correlated with immune responses and mammary glands were present in aged cheese, with the exception of miR-223, which was not present on the surface. Considerable amounts of miRNAs were also detected in whey, which is usually disposed of during the cheese-making process. Unexpectedly, there were no significant correlations between immune-related miRNAs and the microbial populations during cheese processing. Taken together, these results show that various functional miRNAs are present in cheese during its manufacture and that they are dramatically increased in amount in ripened Camembert cheese, with differences according to depth.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.13-28
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• 1995

This study was carried out to explore the most sensitive and useful method for simultaneous determination of five sulfa drugs(sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline) in livestock productions(pork muscle, bovine muscle, chicken muscle, milk ) by HPLC with UV detector and reverse phase column. The results obtained were as follows：1. For mobile phase acetonitrile-0.01M ammonium acetate (23：77) showed more applicable sensitivity and retention times than acetonitrile-1% acetic acid(23：77). Thus acetonitrile-0.01M ammonium acetate(23：77) selected and applied to the modification test, from which it was found pH 6.75 was the most adequate. 2. Optimal wavelength of UV for SMT(sulfamethazine), SMR(sulfamerazine), SMM(sulfamonomethoxine), SD(sulfadimethoxine), and SQ(sulfaquinoxaline) were 266, 266, 265, 269 and 250nm, respectively, and that for simultaneous application it was 263nm. 3. The average recovery rate by extractant(chloroform, dichloromethane, chlorform+dich-loromethane) in the classic method was not significantly different(p>0.05) but that by chloroform higher than the others. Thus chloroform was found to be adequate as extractant in this classic method. 4. The average recovery rate was 86.5% by the MSPD(matrix solid phase disperse) method, which was significantly higher than that by the classic method(p<0.05). Also the recovery rates by method were significantly different(p<0.05) in accordance with sample and type of drug. The MSPD method was much superior to classic method on clean-up.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.497-504
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• 2008

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to report prevalence and to identify risk factors of subclinical mastitis of dairy cattle in Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Among 325 dairy farms of the district 12 farms(3.7%) were selected conveniently for this study. All the dairy cows of the 12 farms were selected for sample collection. Fresh milk samples from each of the selected dairy cows were collected aseptically in separate sterilized test tube as RF, RH, LF and LH quarter of the udder. Rapid modified White Side Test(WST) was used to detect subclinical mastitis(SCM). Results of WST and data derived from filled in questionnaire were entered in Microsoft Excel 2003 and transferred to $STATA^{(R)}$, version 8.0/Intercooled(Stata Corporation, Texas, USA, 2003). The overall prevalence of SCM and its distribution in different categories of variables in cow and their exact binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated in $STATA^{(R)}$. Simple bivariable associations among independent variables were investigated by $x^2$ test in $STATA^{(R)}$. Multiple logistic regression analysis with backward elimination method was used to identify risk factors of SCM. To identify significant variation in quarter SCM, linear regression analysis was performed after arcsine transformation of the data. The overall prevalence of SCM found in this study is 54%. Dairy cows with teat lesions had significantly increased SCM(OR=12342, P value=0.000, 95% CI=762, 199798) than others without teat lesions. The Holstein Friesian X Jersey X Sahiwal breed has significantly decreased(OR=0.18, p=0.03, 95% CI 0.04, 0.85) SCM than other breeds. The prevalence of SCM found in this study is in agreement with others. The injury in the teat increases the probability of getting infected with microbes and thereby mastitis. If the prevalence of teat lesion can be decreased the probability of subclinical mastitis will also be decreased. The negatively associated Holstein Friesian X Jersey X Sahiwall breed may help in planning mastitis control program if this finding can be validated by a more powerful case-control or cohort study design.