• Wind and Structures
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.633-648
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• 2020

The objective of this work was to investigate the interference effects of two-parallel bridge decks on aerodynamic coefficients, vortex-induced vibration, flutter instability and flutter derivatives. The two bridges have significant difference in cross-sections, dynamic properties, and flutter speeds of each isolate bridge. The aerodynamic static tests and aeroelastic tests were performed in TU-AIT boundary layer wind tunnel in Thammasat University (Thailand) with sectional models in a 1:90 scale. Three configuration cases, including the new bridge stand-alone (case 1), the upstream new bridge and downstream existing bridge (case 2), and the downstream new bridge and the upstream existing bridge (case 3), were selected in this study. The covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification technique (SSI-COV) was applied to identify aerodynamic parameters (i.e., natural frequency, structural damping and state space matrix) of the decks. The results showed that, interference effects of two bridges decks on aerodynamic coefficients result in the slightly reduction of the drag coefficient of case 2 and 3 when compared with case 1. The two parallel configurations of the bridge result in vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) and significantly lower the flutter speed compared with the new bridge alone. The huge torsional motion from upstream new bridge (case 2) generated turbulent wakes flow and resulted in vertical aerodynamic damping H1^* of existing bridge becomes zero at wind speed of 72.01 m/s. In this case, the downstream existing bridge was subjected to galloping oscillation induced by the turbulent wake of upstream new bridge. The new bridge also results in significant reduction of the flutter speed of existing bridge from the 128.29 m/s flutter speed of the isolated existing bridge to the 75.35 m/s flutter speed of downstream existing bridge.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.597-616
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• 2020

The blockage effect on the aerodynamic characteristics of tall buildings is a fundamental issue in wind tunnel test but has rarely been addressed. To evaluate the blockage effects on the aerodynamic forces on a square tall building and flow field peripherally, large eddy simulations (LES) were performed on a 3D square cylinder with an aspect ratio of 6:1 under the uniform smooth inflow and turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) inflow generated by the narrowband synthesis random flow generator (NSRFG). First, a basic case at a blockage ratio (BR) of 0.8% was conducted to validate the adopted numerical methodology. Subsequently, simulations were systematically performed at 6 different BRs. The simulation results were compared in detail to illustrate the differences induced by the blockage, and the mechanism of the blockage effects under turbulent inflow was emphatically analysed. The results reveal that the pressure coefficients, the aerodynamic forces, and the Strouhal number increase monotonically with BRs. Additionally, the increase of BR leads to more coherence of the turbulent structures and the higher intensity of the vortices in the vicinity of the building. Moreover, the blockage effects on the aerodynamic forces and flow field are more significant under smooth inflow than those under turbulent inflow.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.361-376
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• 2008

This paper considers internal pressure fluctuations for a range of building volumes and dominant wall opening areas. The study recognizes that the air flow in and out of the dominant opening in the envelope generates Helmholtz resonance, which can amplify the internal pressure fluctuations compared to the external pressure, at the opening. Numerical methods were used to estimate fluctuating standard deviation and peak (i.e. design) internal pressures from full-scale measured external pressures. The ratios of standard deviation and peak internal pressures to the external pressures at a dominant windward wall opening of area, AW are presented in terms of the non-dimensional opening size to volume parameter, $S^*=(a_s/\bar{U}_h)^2(A_W^{3/2}/V_{Ie})$ where $a_s$ is the speed of sound, $\bar{U}_h$ is the mean wind speed at the top of the building and $V_{Ie}$ is the effective internal volume. The standard deviation of internal pressure exceeds the external pressures at the opening, for $S^*$ greater than about 0.75, showing increasing amplification with increasing $S^*$. The peak internal pressure can be expected to exceed the peak external pressure at the opening by 10% to 50%, for $S^*$ greater than about 5. A dominant leeward wall opening also produces similar fluctuating internal pressure characteristics.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.834-841
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• 2004

Experimental study on the three-dimensional topology of hairpin packet structures in turbulent boundary layers were carried out. Two different Reynolds number based on momentum thickness, Re$\sub$$\theta$/=514 and 934 were generated in a blowing type wind tunnel under the condition of zero pressure gradient. Simultaneous measurements of velocity fields at a wall-normal plane and wall-parallel plane by a plane PIV and a Stereo-PIV systems. The two Nd:Yag laser systems and three CCD cameras were synchronized to obtain instantaneous velocity fields at the same time. To avoid optical noise at the crossing line by the two laser light sheets, a new optical arrangement using polarization was applied. The obtained velocity fields show the existence of hairpin packet structure vividly and the idealized hairpin vortex signature is confirmed by experiment. Two counter-rotating vortex pair which reflects the cutting plane of hairpin legs are found both side of a strong streaky structure when the wall-normal plane cuts the hairpin head.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.298-305
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• 2000

The flow characteristics and the heat transfer rate on a surface by interaction of a pair of vortices were studied experimentally. The test facility consisted of a boundary-layer wind tunnel with a vortex introduced into the flow by half-delta wings protruding from the surface. In order to control the strength of the longitudinal vortices, the angles of attack of the vortex generators were varied from - 20 degree to - 45 degree, but spacings between the vortex generators were fixed to 4 cm. The 3-dimensional mean velocity measurements were made using a five-hole pressure probe. Heat transfer measurements were made using the thermochromatic liquid to provide the local distribution of the heat transfer coefficient. Unlike common flow down, common flow up vortices moved toward the centerline as they developed and interacted strongly with each other but not with the boundary layer. Spanwise profiles of Stanton number were similar for ${\beta}=-20^{\circ}\;and\;-35^{\circ}$, but not similar for ${\beta}=-45^{\circ}$. The case of ${\beta}=-20^{\circ}\;and\;-35^{\circ}$ showed the two peak Stanton number, but the case of ${\beta}=-45^{\circ}$ showed the only one peak Stanton number.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2020

The wind design of buildings is typically based on strength provisions under ultimate loads. This is unlike the ductility-based approach used in seismic design, which allows inelastic actions to take place in the structure under extreme seismic events. This research investigates the application of a similar concept in wind engineering. In seismic design, the elastic forces resulting from an extreme event of high return period are reduced by a load reduction factor chosen by the designer and accordingly a certain ductility capacity needs to be achieved by the structure. Two reasons have triggered the investigation of this ductility-based concept under wind loads. Firstly, there is a trend in the design codes to increase the return period used in wind design approaching the large return period used in seismic design. Secondly, the structure always possesses a certain level of ductility that the wind design does not benefit from. Many technical issues arise when applying a ductility-based approach under wind loads. The use of reduced design loads will lead to the design of a more flexible structure with larger natural periods. While this might be beneficial for seismic response, it is not necessarily the case for the wind response, where increasing the flexibility is expected to increase the fluctuating response. This particular issue is examined by considering a case study of a sixty-five-story high-rise building previously tested at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory at the University of Western Ontario using a pressure model. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed for the building. The wind pressures from the tested rigid model are applied to the finite element model and a time history dynamic analysis is conducted. The time history variation of the straining actions on various structure elements of the building are evaluated and decomposed into mean, background and fluctuating components. A reduction factor is applied to the fluctuating components and a modified time history response of the straining actions is calculated. The building components are redesigned under this set of reduced straining actions and its fundamental period is then evaluated. A new set of loads is calculated based on the modified period and is compared to the set of loads associated with the original structure. This is followed by non-linear static pushover analysis conducted individually on each shear wall module after redesigning these walls. The ductility demand of shear walls with reduced cross sections is assessed to justify the application of the load reduction factor "R".

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• v.y2005m4
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• pp.349-354
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• 2005

In this paper, a small supersonic wind tunnel is designed and built to study the flow characteristics of a supersonic impulse turbine cascade. The flow is visualized by means of a single pass Schlieren system. The supersonic cascade with 2-dimensional supersonic nozzle was tested for various blade leading edge shapes and gaps between the nozzle and cascade. Highly complicated flow patterns including shocks, nozzle-cascade interaction and shock boundary layer interactions are observed.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.87-89
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• 2009

In the present paper, transition turbulence model is applied to the NACA64(3)618 and detailed flow features are studied. The turbulence model is sensitive to the boundary layer grid quality and y+ of the grid was limited to 1. The prediction of the transition region is dependent on the local flow condition. The pressure coefficient distribution of the transition turbulence model is compared with that of the fully turbulent mode and the drag distribution of the transition turbulence model was compared with that of the wind tunnel test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.387-392
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• 2006

A small supersonic wind tunnel was designed and built to study the flow characteristics of a supersonic impulse turbine cascade. Experiments are performed to find flow characteristics of supersonic turbine with the cascade positions and to find factor of expansion loss. The supersonic cascade with a 2-dimensional supersonic nozzle was tested with the cascade positions. Firstly, the flow was visualized by Z-type Schlieren system. Finally, highly complicated flow patterns including shocks, nozzle-cascade interaction and shock boundary layer interactions, flow characteristics of the supersonic turbine were observed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2004

A new PIV technique was developed for decreasing optical error which was created during simultaneous measurements of velocity fields at a wall-normal plane and wall-parallel plane by a plane PIV and a Stereo-PIV systems. For experimental study, two different Reynolds number based on momentum thickness, Re$_{ =514 and 934 were generated in a blowing type wind tunnel under the condition of zero pressure gradient. The two Nd:Yag laser systems and three CCD cameras were synchronized. to obtain instantaneous velocity fields at the same time. To avoid optical noise at the crossing line by the two laser light sheets, a new optical arrangement using polarization was applied. The obtained velocity fields show the existence of hairpin packet structure vividly and the idealized hairpin vortex signature is confirmed by experiment.