• 제목/요약/키워드: bound chloride

검색결과 65건 처리시간 0.029초

세공용액분석에 의한 시멘트의 염화물 고정화율 평가 (Evaluation of Chloride Bound Ratio in Cement Pastes by Pore Solution Analysis)

  • 소승영;윤성진;소양섭
    • 콘크리트학회논문집
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    • 제14권5호
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    • pp.789-795
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    • 2002
  • 개정된 콘크리트 표준시방서에 허용된 양의 염화물 이온 및 제염되지 않은 해사를 잔골재로 사용할 경우 콘크리트 배합시 혼입될 염화물 이온의 거동과 고정화율을 평가하기 위해 시멘트 페이스트 내 세공용액을 추출하여 분석한 실험을 통해 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 1 재령에 따른 세공용액 내 염화물 이온 농도는 수화 진행에 따라 수화생성물에 흡착되는 염화물량의 증가로 재령이 증가하면서 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 세공용액 내 측정 염화물량을 고정화되지 않은 염화물로 보고 혼합수의 농도와 비교할 경우 재령 49일의 고정화율은 64~90%였다. 2. 증발수량으로 측정한 세공용액량을 기준으로 시멘트 내 염화물 고정화율을 산정한 결과 염화물 혼입량이 시멘트 중량의 0.046~0.16%로 비교적 적은 PI~P3의 경우 염화물 고정화율이 91.8~93.5%에 이르나 염화물 혼입량이 시멘트 중량의 0.3% 인 P4의 경우 89.1 %로 낮아지며, 시멘트 중량에 대해 0.617%의 염화물이 혼입된 PS는 혼입된 염화물 중 77%만이 고정화되었다. 3. 시멘트 중량에 대한 염화물 고정화율은 혼입량에 따라 0.015~0.475%로 나타났다. 이 중 시멘트 중량에 대해 0.091% 이상의 염화물 이온이 혼입될 경우 염화물 혼입량이 2배씩 증가함에도 염화물 고정화량은 1.7~l.8배 증가하고 있어 시멘트 중량에 대한 고정화율도 혼입량이 증가할수록 낮아졌다. 4. 염화물 혼입량이 증가함에 따라 염화물의 고정화율은 증가하지만 고정화되지 못하고 세공용액 중에 남아있는 염화물의 절대량도 크게 증가하였다.

단백질에 결합된 카드뮴과 CdCl2를 섭취한 쥐에서 카드뮴의 체내축적 및 분포의 차이 (Accumulation and Organ distribution of protein Bound Cadmium in Rats compared with CdCl2)

  • 이명희
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제27권8호
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    • pp.828-836
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    • 1994
  • A low level exposure experiment was conducted on growing rats to investigate the accumulation and organ distribution of protein bound cadmium compared with cadmium chloride. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 21days with one of the semisynthetic diets, which contains cadmium as either bovine liver- or kidney meal bound cadmium, cadmium chloride with uncontaminated liver meal or cadmium chloride without organ meal, in the levels of ca. 0.5, 1 and 1.5mg/kg diet, respectively. After 21days of exposure cadmium was accumulated in liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tracts depending upon cadmium levels in diet. Inspite of very low cadmium accumulation in whole blood, it tends also to increase with dietary cadmium levels. The blood cadmium concentration of animals fed organ meal containing diets was about 4-7 fold higher than that without organ meal, regardless of cadmium was intrinsically bound to protein or not. However, significant effects of organ protein on cadmium accumulation in liver, kidney and digestive tracts were not detectable, when cadmium was supplemented as cadmium chloride. On the other hands, animals fed diet containing ca. 1.5mg Cd/kg as organ bound cadmium retained more cadmium in liver, kidney and digestive tracts compared to cadmium chloride with organ meal, whereby the increase of cadmium concentration in kidney was greater then in liver. However, when the concentration of protein bound cadmium was<1mg/kg diet, organ bound cadmium was not significantly different from cadmium chloride in bioavailability and organ distribution. From this result it is suggested that the intestinal absorption of protein bound cadmium is influenced of the amount of cadmium bound in protein. When cadmium concentration in protein is relatively low, protein bound cadmium seems to be absorbed in the same way as cadmium ions are absorbed. However, when the concentration is high, at least a small amount of intact protein bound cadmium could be absorbed and accumulated selectively in kidney.

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Chloride binding isotherms of various cements basing on binding capacity of hydrates

  • Tran, Van Mien;Nawa, Toyoharu;Stitmannaithum, Boonchai
    • Computers and Concrete
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    • 제13권6호
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    • pp.695-707
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    • 2014
  • This study investigated the chloride binding isotherms of various cement types, especially the contributions of C-S-H and AFm hydrates to the chloride binding isotherms were determined. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Modified cement (MC), Rapid-hardening Portland cement (RHC) and Low-heat Portland cement (LHC) were used. The total chloride contents and free chloride contents were analyzed by ASTM. The contents of C-S-H, AFm hydrates and Friedel's salt were determined by X-ray diffraction Rietveld (XRD Rietveld) analysis. The results showed that OPC had the highest chloride binding capacity, and, LHC had the lowest binding capacity of chloride ions. MC and RHC had very similar capacities to bind chloride ions. Experimental equations which distinguish the chemically bound chloride and physically bound chloride were formulated to determine amounts of the bound chloride basing on chloride binding capacity of hydrates.

Prediction of Chloride Profile considering Binding of Chlorides in Cement Matrix

  • Song, Ha-Won;Lee, Chang-Hong;Ann, Ki Yong
    • Corrosion Science and Technology
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.81-88
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    • 2009
  • Chloride induced corrosion of steel reinforcement inside concrete is a major concern for concrete structures exposed to a marine environment. It is well known that transport of chloride ions in concrete occurs mainly through ionic/molecular diffusion, as a gradient of chloride concentration in the concrete pore solution is set. In the process of chloride transport, a portion of chlorides are bound in cement matrix then to be removed in the pore solution, and thus only the rest of chlorides which are not bound (i.e. free chlorides) leads the ingress of chlorides. However, since the measurement of free/bound chloride content is much susceptible to environmental conditions, chloride profiles expressed in total chlorides are evaluated to use in many studies In this study, the capacity of chloride binding in cement matrix was monitored for 150 days and then quantified using the Langmuir isotherm to determine the portions of free chlorides and bound chlorides at given total chlorides and the redistribution of free chlorides. Then, the diffusion of chloride ion in concrete was modeled by considering the binding capacity for the prediction of chloride profiles with the redistribution. The predicted chloride profiles were compared to those obtained from conventional model. It was found that the prediction of chloride profiles obtained by the model has shown slower diffusion than those by the conventional ones. This reflects that the prediction by total chloride may overestimate the ingress of chlorides by neglecting the redistribution of free chlorides caused by the binding capacity of cement matrix. From the evaluation, it is also shown that the service life prediction using the free chloride redistribution model needs different expression for the chloride threshold level which is expressed by the total chlorides in the conventional diffusion model.

물리화학적 메커니즘에 기이한 큰크리트의 염화물 흡착 등온에 대한 모델링 (Integrated Modeling of Chloride Binding Isotherm of Concrete Based on Physical and Chemical Mechanisms)

  • 윤인석
    • 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.537-540
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    • 2006
  • Over the past few decades, a considerable number of studies on the durability of concrete have been carried out extensively. A lot of improvements have been achieved especially in modeling of ionic flows. However, the majority of these researches have not dealt with the chloride binding isotherm based on the mechanism, although chloride binding capacity can significantly impact on the total service life of concrete under marine environment. The purpose of this study is to develop the model of chloride binding isotherm based on the individual mechanism. It is well known that chlorides ions in concrete can be present; free chlorides dissolved in the pore solution, chemical bound chlorides reacted with the hydration compounds of cement, and physical bound attracted to the surface of C-S-H grains. First, sub-model for water soluble chloride content is suggested as a function of pore solution and degree of saturation. Second, chemical model is suggested separately to estimate the response of binding capacity due to C-S-H and Friedel's salt. Finally, physical bound chloride content is estimated to consider a surface area of C-S-H nano-grains and the distance limited by the Van der Waals force. The new model of chloride binding isotherm suggested in this study is based on their intrinsic binding mechanisms and hydration reaction of concrete. Accordingly, it is possible to characterize chloride binding isotherm at the arbitrary stage of hydration time and arbitrary location from the surface of concrete. Comparative study with experimental data of published literature is accomplished to validity this model.

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시멘트 경화체내 염화물의 고정화 성상 ($C_3A$ 함유량을 중심으로) (Behavior of Chloride Binding in Hardened Cement Pastes (Forcused on $C_3A$ content))

  • 임순지;소형석;소승영;박홍신;소양섭
    • 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국콘크리트학회 1994년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.87-92
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    • 1994
  • The main objective of this study is to determine the critical chloride ion concentrations in the pore solutions causing depassivation of steel reinforcement in concrete made with cements of different $C_3A$ contents. Cement pastes with water-ratio of 0.5 were prepared using four cements with $C_3A$ contents of 0.46, 5.97, 9.14, and 9.65 percent. The pastes were allowed to hydrate in sealed containers for 28days and then objected to pore solution expression. The expressed pore fluids were analyzed for chloride and hydroxyl ion concentrations. It was found that the free cholride concentration in the pore solution decreases significantly with an increase in the $C_3A$ content of the cement. With increasing level of chloride addition, although the alsolute amount of bound chloride increase, the ratio of bound to total chlorides decreases.

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Chloride diffusion in concrete associated with single, dual and multi cation types

  • Song, Zijian;Jiang, Linhua;Zhang, Ziming
    • Computers and Concrete
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.53-66
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    • 2016
  • Currently, most of the investigations on chloride diffusion were based on the experiments and simulations concerning single cation type chlorides. Chloride diffusion associated with dual or multi cation types was rarely studied. In this paper, several groups of diffusion experiments are conducted using chloride solutions containing single, dual and multi cation types. A multi-ionic model is also proposed to simulate the chloride diffusion behavior in the experimental tests. The MATLAB software is used to numerically solve the nonlinear PDEs in the multi-ionic model. The experimental and simulated results show that the chloride diffusion behavior associated with different cation types is significantly different. When the single cation type chlorides are adopted, it is found that the bound rates of chloride ions combined with divalent cations are greater than those combined with monovalent cations. When the dual/multi cation type chlorides are adopted, the chloride bound rates increase with the $Ca^{2+}/Mg^{2+}$ percentage in the source solutions. This evidence indicates that the divalent cations would markedly enhance the chloride binding capacity and reduce the chloride diffusivity. Moreover, on the basis of the analysis, it is also found that the complicated cation types in source solutions are beneficial to reducing the chloride diffusivity.

토양중 Paraquat의 효과적인 추출방법 (Extraction Method for Paraquat from Soil)

  • 권진욱;김용석;최종우;이규승
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.239-244
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    • 1997
  • 토양중 tightly bound paraquat의 효과적인 추출방법을 모색코자 HCl 및 $H_2O_2$첨가 그리고, keldahl 분해장치를 이용하여 회수율 및 여과시간의 단축을 조사하였으며, ammonium chloride와 calcium chloride의 농도와 진탕 시간을 달리하여 loosely bound paraquat의 유출정도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 토양 50g에 70ml의 conc. HCl을 첨가하여 시간별로 진탕하고 여기에 진한 황산을 가하여 1시간동안 환류 추출한 결과, 60분간 진탕할때 기존의 추출방법에 비해 A토양은 1.15배 높은 96.7%의 회수율과 4.64배 단축된 14분의 여과 시간을, B토양은 1.09배 높은 84.0%의 회수율과 4.91배 단축된 11분의 여과시간을 나타냈다. 아울러, 이러한 결과는 회수율의 증가는 물론 여과시간의 단축, pH조정과정에서 과다한 NaOH사용을 통한 총용량의 증가 방지, 그리고 전체적인 실험시간의 단축을 꾀할 수 있었다. 2. HCl의 첨가에 의한 진탕과정 없이 $H_2O_2$만을 첨가하는 경우, $H_2O_2$ 30ml첨가하여 30분간의 환류 재추출하는 것이 적정 수준이었는데, 회수율은 증대하였으나 여과시간의 단축은 거의 없었다. 반면, 50ml의 $H_2O_2$ 첨가만으로도 회수율의 증대는 있었으나 실험의 위험성을 고려시 적절하지 못하다고 생각된다. 3. Kjeldahl 분해장치를 이용한 방법으로 회수율의 증대를 나타내는 경향은 있었으나, 반복간의 큰 오차를 나타내었으므로 추출방법으로 적합하지 못하다고 생각된다. 4. Loosely bound paraquat의 추출을 위해 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10M ammonium chloride와 calcium chloride를 이용하여 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24시간으로 진탕시간을 달리하여 분석한 결과, 시간, 농도, 추출액의 변화에도 불구하고 모든 처리구에서 paraquat은 검출한계 미만의 수준이었다.

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콘크리트 내 Friedel염의 XRD를 이용한 반정량적 측정기법에 관한 연구 (A study of semi-quantification of the Friedel's salt using the X-ray diffraction method in concrete)

  • 이호재;이장화;김도겸
    • 분석과학
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.33-38
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    • 2012
  • 염화물 고정화능력의 중요성에도 불구하고 고정화능력을 측정하는 것은 어려우며 특히, 이미 건설되어 공용중인 구조물에서는 더욱 어렵다. 실제로 고정염화물을 측정하는 과정은 온도, 시료의 분말도, 공극수 추출기법 등과 같은 환경적 요인에 의해 큰 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 X-선 회절분석법(XRD; X-ray diffraction)을 이용하여 콘크리트 내 염화물 이온의 고정화능력을 정량화하는 방법에 대해 중점을 두고 연구를 진행하였다. 염화물의 고정능력 isotherm은 물/시멘트비, 양생기간, 결합재 종류에 영향을 받으며 Langmuir isotherm 을 통하여 일단 결정된 고정염화물(Friedel 염)은 XRD를 이용하여 동시에 분석을 진행한다. XRD 그래프에서 나타난 고정염화물량의 피크 강도와 측정된 고정염화물의 총량의 관계를 결정한다. 결과적으로 양생기간이 증가될수록, 물/시멘트비가 감소될수록 고정화 능력은 증가하였다.

혼화재를 혼입한 콘크리트의 염화물 고정화에 관한 실험적 연구 (Experimental Study of Chloride Binding in Concrete with Mneral Amixtures)

  • 박정준;고경택;김도겸;김성욱;하진규
    • 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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    • pp.787-792
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    • 2001
  • The chloride ion penetrating into concrete is classified as the fixed chloride ion being bound in reacting to cement hydrate and the free chloride ion having a direct effect on rebar corrosion because being in solution inside porosity of concrete. Therefore, in order to study the diffusion properties of chloride ion, it is needed to evaluate binding chloride ion in concrete. In this study, we tried to give a fundamental information on diffusion of chloride ion in concrete with mineral admixtures through analysis of micro-structure transformations in concrete and effects on binding of chloride ion in cement paste when mixed with fly-ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume etc. which are used to improve durability and permeability of concrete

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