• 한국데이타베이스학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국데이타베이스학회 2010년도 춘계국제학술대회
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• pp.181-185
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• 2010

The current method for accessing interconnection charges in Korea, called a hybrid model in this paper, mixes a top-down with a bottom-up LRIC model. The method has given stable charges so far. However, according to the fundamental changes of the market, policy, and network technology in the telecommunications industry, it requires analyzing the validity of the method. We investigate the problems of the top-clown, bottom-up, and hybrid model used in Korea and analyze their effect on regulation policy.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.135-138
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• 2012

기능성 위장관 장애(functional gastrointestinal disorder, FGID)의 생물학적 병태생리는 아직 명확하지 않은 실정이나 최근에 뇌-장관 축(brain-gut axis, BGA) 모델이 각광받고 있다. BGA 모델은 중추신경계(CNS)와 장관신경계(ENS)가 신경계, 신경내분비계, 신경면역계 등으로 밀접하게 연계되어 양방향성으로 항상성을 유지한다는 이론이다. 또한 BGA는 FGID에 대한 항우울제 효과의 이론적 근거를 제공한다. 저자들은 세로토닌 노르에프네프린 재흡수 차단제인 duloxetine이 목 이물감, 우울감을 보이는 환자와 상부 위장관 팽만감, 건강염려증적 불안을 보이는 환자에서 위장관 증상 및 정신의학적 증상에 효과적이었음을 경험하였다. 이에 두 증례보고를 통하여 BGA에 대해서 간략히 검토하고 duloxetine의 효과를 BGA의 측면에서 고찰하였다. 이 두 증례에서 duloxetine의 장관에서 뇌로의 영향(bottom-up regulation)으로는 세로토닌 수용체, 노르에피네프린 수용체 그리고 부신피질자극호르몬방출인자(CRF) 길항효과를 통해서 내장과민성(visceral hypersensitivity) 및 정신의학적 증상을 호전시키고, 뇌에서 장관으로의 영향(top-down regulation)으로는 우울과 불안을 호전시킴으로 위장관 증상에 영향을 미친 것으로 추정해 볼 수 있다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2003년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집 Ⅲ
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• pp.1291-1294
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• 2003

This paper presents an approach to extract license plates from parking regulation images which is captured in various photographing direction and complex background. first, we search each row at regular intervals starting from the bottom of a license-plate image, and we set up a rough region for a certain zone in which the sign of intensity vector changes frequently enough and color of license plate is detected enough, assuming it as a candidate location of a license plate. And then, we extract an elaborate area of a license plate by horizontally and vertically projecting vertical edges. Here, tar types of the private and the public, are easily classified according to the color of extracted plates. To evaluate proposed method, we used 200 actual regulation images. As a result, the proposed method showed extraction rate of 96%, which is 9% higher than the previous method using only intensity vector.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.691-726
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 기존의 하향식 모형을 기반으로 전력부문에 한하여 상향식 모형의 요소를 적용함으로써 전원구성 및 전원계획을 고려할 수 있는 하이브리드 모형을 개발하였다. 여기서 개발된 모형은 기존의 모형과 달리 개별적인 규모에 대한 수확체감 생산함수로 각각의 발전기술(원자력, 중유, 가스, 신재생 등)을 표현하였고 이것의 합산으로써 전력부문을 모사하고 있다. 하이브리드 모형과 기존의 하향식 모형을 동일한 시나리오 하에서 비교할 때 하이브리드 모형을 통한 감축비용 결과값이 기존의 하향식 모형과 비교해서 더 낮았다. 이는 상향식 모형이 추가될 경우 감축비용이 더 낮게 계산된다는 기존의 연구결과에 부합되는 것이다. 추가로 중복규제의 효과에 대해서도 살펴보았는데, 배출규제에 의무할당제가 추가될 경우 배출규제만 있을 때에 비해 전체적인 감축비용은 소폭 증가하고 석탄 발전 등 배출집약도가 높은 발전기술을 사용하는 전원의 비중은 비슷하거나 증가하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 향후 전력 관련 공학적 자료가 더욱 충실히 갖추어진다면 본 연구에서 개발된 하이브리드 모형은 실제 정책의 파급효과를 추정하기 위한 유용한 도구로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2004

To investigate latitudinal variations in the zooplankton community along the meridian line ($5^{\circ}N-12^{\circ}N$, $131.5^{\circ}W$), we measured temperature, salinity, nitrate, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton at depths above 200 m from July $10^{th}$ to $25^{th}$, 2003. For comparative analysis, data of the physico-chemical properties and chl-a were matched to the two sampling depths (surface mixed layer and thermocline depth-200 m) of zooplankton. Latitudinal differences in the mesozooplankton distribution were mainly influenced by divergence formed at a boundary line formed by currents of opposing directions, consisting of North Equatorial Current (NEC) and North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC). High concentrations of chl-a south of $9^{\circ}N$, caused by equatorial upwelling related nutrients, is thought to be affected by the role of this divergence barrier, supported by relatively low concentrations in waters north of $9^{\circ}N$. The latitudinal differences of the chl-a were significantly associated with the major groups of zooplankton, namely calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, appendicularians, ostracods, chaetognaths, invertebrate larvae, and others. And temperature significantly affected the latitudinal variation of radiolarians, siphonophores, salps and immature copepods. The latitudinal differences in the two factors, temperature and chl-a, which explained 71.0% of the total zooplankton variation, were characterized by the equatorial upwelling as well as the divergence at $9^{\circ}N$. The physical characteristics also affected the community structure and abundance of zooplankton as well as average ratios of cyclopoid versus calanoid copepods. The abundance of dominant copepods, which were consistent with chl-a, were often associated with the carnivorous zooplankton chaetognaths, implying the relative importance of bottom-up regulation from physical properties to predatory zooplankton during the study period. These results suggested that latitudinal distribution of zooplankton is primarily controlled by current-related divergences, while biological processes are of secondary importance in the northeastern Equatorial Pacific during the study period in question.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

Decrease in Population and graying of rural area by industrialization and urbanization are gone continuously. This makes happened various rural problems and the differential of standard of living with is arising day by day. Government is unfolding rural supporting project to solve continuously these problems. Recent Projects which are choosing not top-down process by government leading but bottom-up process through village inhabitants' participation and expert consultant get positive estimation. But those have difficulties because the support is attained only in the beginning step not continuously and inhabitants' number by graying is decreasing. The Special Economic Zone for Regional Development Policy is new access that regulation can differ according to special quality of each area depending on Localization Age. Through this transfer the competence that can mitigate or reinforce various regulations according to special quality of area in local government. So, back and maintain activation systematically so that each area could be developed specially. The purpose of The Special Economic Zone for Regional Development Policy is the activation of regional economy through development that regional specific character is. And there is characteristic that local government plans and takes the lead in all project contents, government gives regulation benefit by appointing the special economic zone and do not support finance and various tax remissions. Through investigation of such new policy, I wish to recognize what long-term plan and method could be possible to success rural activation continuously.

• 인터넷정보학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2013

This short report introduces the general background why Brazil conference is being prepared and what topics would be undertaken and what goals are being taken into account. It overviews what differences from traditional telecommunication governance, internet governance has had in its historical development and how such differences had been formed from its technological differences and the regulatory policy shift from common carrier regulation to privatization. Moreover, the fact that open, voluntary, bottom-up, diverse stakeholder's participation had evolved throughout the historical development of the internet, had established the present multistakeholder governance model from technological standardization to addressing scheme policies. ICANN, which has governed internet addressing schemes since the earlier 2000s, had developed address policies including IANA function from Jon Postel and technical community's legacy management system into contract based formation between ICANN and gTLD, ccTLD registries. And it made dispute resolution policies responding to trademark disputes and resolved gTLD monopoly issue by introducing new TLD generation and the separation of registry and registar. However, there had been challenges on the legitimacy of ICANN due to its dependency on the Federal Government of the U.S. particularly in its oversight role over ICANN and IANA contract. WSIS raised up internet governance issues including addressing governance, and set up IGF as a discussion platform for multistakeholders to discuss and share all views on other internet related public policies. IGF's loose and non-binding discussion once frustrated governments and other stakeholders, but more focused discussion and visible outcomes have consolidated its unique role for internet governance discourses. Particularly, IGF addressed many emerging internet related issues like cybersecurity, privacy, net neuratlity, development related issues. WTPF of 2013, after WCIT debate on whether traditional telecommunication regulation could be applied to internet infrastructure, suggested other governance issues such as the transition to ipv6, IXP coordination etc. How to make sure the legitimacy of internet addressing governance and how and where other internet related public policies could be undertaken are fundamental tasks for internet governance. Brazil conference, which has been motivated by the breakdown of trust in internet governance from NSA mass surveillance revealed by Snowden, faces these questions and try to make consensus on principles, institutions and roadmap for internet governance in multistakeholder participation way.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2009년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.93-96
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• 2009

The objective of this study is to analyze the insulation characteristics of the polylon hybrid fiber inserted high-strength RC beam and slab produced as a single body and the results of this study can be summarized as follows. In the spalling mechanism as an insulation characteristic, the slab of the single body type specimen shows an exposure in concrete covers at the center of slab and that leads to the spalling, which exposures reinforcing bars. In the case of the beam, the spalling was presented at several sections as a type of peel spalling before and after 10 minutes from the insulation test. Whereas, although the internal temperature history of concrete represents the highest range as 581℃ in the case of the center of the bottom of beam base, it can be considered that it satisfies the regulation of insulation certification.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.93-119
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• 2018

2004년부터 2013년까지 계속된 중국의 자동차 소비자 보호 정책 수립과정에서 소비자, 제조 업체, 판매 대리상, 수리업체 사이에 이익 표출과 이익집약이 반영되었다. 특히 중국소비자협회의 노력과 수정 안건 제시로 분산된 소비자들의 이익이 표출되는데 성공했다. 그리고 판매 업체들은 중국 자동차 유통협회를 통해 자동차 제조업체에 책임을 추궁할 수 있는 권리를 최종 규정에 넣었다. 마지막으로 자동차 업체들의 적극적인 이익 표출로 인해 정책 수립이 지연되기도 하고 소비자들에게 이익이 되는 정책을 촉진시키기도 하였다. 따라서 중국의 자동차 소비자 보호 정책 수립과정을 통해 본 중국의 국가-사회관계는 단순히 국가조합주의로 환원시키기에는 한계가 있고, 사회조합주의와 같은 상향식 이익 표출과 정책수정 활동 역시 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.528-538
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• 2019

The transition from "More-of-Less" markets (economies of scale) to "Less-of-More" markets (economies of scope) is supported by advances of disruptive manufacturing and reconfigurable-supply-chain management technologies. With the prevalence of cyber-physical manufacturing systems, additive manufacturing technology is of great impact on industry, the economy, and society. Traditionally, backbone structures are built via bottom-up manufacturing with either pre-fabricated building blocks such as bricks or with layer-by-layer concrete casting such as climbing form-work casting. In both cases, the design selection is limited by form-work design and cost. Accordingly, the tool-less building of architecture with high design freedom is attractive. In the present study, we review the technological trends of additive manufacturing for construction-scale additive manufacturing in particular. The rapid tooling of patterns or molds and rapid manufacturing of construction parts or whole structures is extensively explored through uncertainties from technology. The future regulation still has drawbacks in the adoption of additive manufacturing in construction industries.