• International Journal of Contents
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a method to segment the bottle label in images taken by mobile phones using multi-gradient approaches. In order to segment the label region of interest-object, the saliency map method and Hough Transformation method are first applied to the original images to obtain the candidate region. The saliency map is used to detect the most salient area based on three kinds of features (color, orientation and illumination features). The Hough Transformation is a technique to isolated features of a particular shape within an image. Therefore, we utilize it to find the left and right border of the bottle. Next, we segment the label based on the gradient information obtained from the structure tensor method and edge method. The experimental results have shown that the proposed method is able to accurately segment the labels as the first step of product label recognition system.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.313-324
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• 2004

A rich phenomenon in the dynamics of azimuthal vortices in a circular cylinder caused by the inertial oscillation is investigated numerically at high Reynolds numbers and moderate Rossby numbers. In the actual spin-up flow where both the Ekman circulation and the bottom friction effects are included, the first appearance of a seed vortex is generated by the Ekman boundary-layer on the bottom wall and the subsequent roll-up near the corner bounded by the side wall. The existence of the small vortex then rapidly propagates toward the inviscid region and induces a complicated pattern in the distribution of azimuthal vorticity, i.e. inertial oscillation. The inertial oscillation however does not deteriorate the classical Ekman-pumping model in the time scale larger than that of the oscillatory motion. Motions of single vortex and a pair of vortices are further investigated under a slip boundary-condition on the solid walls. For the case of single vortex, repeated change of the vorticity sign is observed together with typical propagation of inertial waves. For the case of a pair of vortices with a two-step profile in the initial azimuthal velocity, the vortices' movement toward the outer region is resisted by the crescent-shape vortices surrounding the pair. After touching the border between the core and outer regions, the pair vortices weaken very fast.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.89-92
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• 2009

Purpose: To assess the angle between mandibular canal and occlusal plane at each posterior tooth region and location of mental foramen on the panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: This study analysed 46 half-mandibles of panoramic radiographs. Inferior border of mandibular canal was traced. Occlusal plane was drawn from lingual cusp tip of the first premolar to distolingual cusp tip of the second molar. Perpendicular line from occlusal plane was drawn at each tooth region and then tangential lines were drawn from the crossing points at canal. the angle between occlusal plane and tangential line was measured. The location of mental foramen was also studied. According to the location of mental foramen, radiographs were divided into M (mesial) group and D (distal) group on the basis of the second premolar. and then inter-group analysis about mandibular canal angle was done. Results: The angles of mandibular canals were -17.7$^{\circ}$, -9.5$^{\circ}$, 8.2$^{\circ}$, 22.3$^{\circ}$, and 39.2$^{\circ}$at first premolar, second premolar, first molar, second molar, and third molar, respectively. The commonest position of the mental foramen was distal to the second premolar. Inter-group comparison showed statistically significant difference at the second premolar and the first molar(p<0.001). Conclusion: The knowledge of mandibular canal angle and location of mental foramen can help understanding the course of mandibular canal. (Korean J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2009; 39: 89-92)

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.279-304
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• 2022

This paper quantitatively analyzes the current status of North Korean consumer payment instruments through a questionnaire survey of 292 North Korean defectors. In the 2010s, it was found that the payment experience ratio of domestic currency cash and grain decreased, while the payment experience ratio of foreign currency cash increased. The use of foreign currency reached a stage where it was spread not only as a store of value but also as a medium of exchange. However, the most frequently used payment instrument by North Korean consumers was still domestic currency cash. By region, in inland urban areas both domestic currency cash and U.S. dollars are used and in the North Korea-China border region both domestic currency cash and Chinese yuan are used, while in inland rural areas dollarization does not occur because both domestic currency cash and grain are used. Meanwhile, despite the stable price trend during 2013-2019, the dollarization hysteresis effect is appearing, and both the purchasing power risk theory and the network externality theory are considered to have explanatory power for the cause. The results of this paper suggest that as dollarization is intensifying, it is expected that more costs such as shortages of commodities will be incurred than in the past if North Korea's de-dollarization policy is reimplemented. Also, in the case of domestic currency cards, which the North Korean authorities introduced in 2015 as part of a means of financial reform, this paper suggests that it may continue to be difficult for domestic currency cards to normalize official finance under the dollarization hysteresis.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.23-34
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• 2023

Purpose: To examine the economic effects of logistics under the influence of policies. Research design, data and methodology: This study is the first to use the panel data of 31 provinces and municipalities in China from 2012 to 2021, and use the OLS and DID models to evaluate whether the New Western Land-Sea Corridor (NWLSC) has promoted the economic development of the regions along the corridor. Results: The NWLSC has stimulated local economic growth by promoting the development of transportation, postal, and telecommunications industries along the corridor. Further, considering the locational differences of the regions along the NWLSC, we examined the differences in economic effects between regions along the Yangtze River and those not along the Yangtze River under the background of NWLSC implementation. We found that waterway and airway transport located along the NWLSC and in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) region can significantly promote economic growth. However, for regions located along the NWLSC but not in the YREB region, the impact of roadway, railway, and airway transport in these regions on economic growth is more significant. Conclusions: This study has important reference value on how to use logistics to promote the economic and cross-border commerce development of landlocked countries or regions.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2020

Few studies have dealt with the question of when Mt. Baekdusan became known as a volcano. Attention has been focused rather on the issue of establishing the boundary between the Joseon Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty than the scientific nature of Baekdusan as a volcano. It is only in the late Joseon Dynasty that Park Jong (1764), who was the scholar of the Gwanbuk region, authored the first travel journal on Mt. Baekdu and described poseok. Due to the scientific curiosity of Westerners on the existence of mysterious snow peak on the border, it was first introduced to the Royal Geographical Society by a British man, H.E.M. James in 1887, who revealed for the first time that Mt. Baekdu is a dead volcano, and that the white color on the top is due to wide-spread pumice. Russian expedition teams including Strel'bitskii (Стрельбицкий, 1894, and Garin (Гарин-Михайловский, 1898), also explored this mountain seeking natural resources and territory of East Asia and the Manchurian region in pursuit of Russian Imperial interests explored and described Baekdusan as a volcano.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2011

Agrobacterium tumefaciens와 운반체 416을 이용하여 cryIAc1 유전자가 형질전환된 배추 14개체를 선발하였다. Southern blot을 통하여 분석한 결과 1 사본 유전자가 도입된 개체가 6개이었으며 backbone 염기서열이 포함되지 않은 경우는 4개체이었다. LB 인접서열 분석 결과, 416-2과 416-3은 23 bp의 LB 부위가 남아있는 동일한 염기서열을 보였고, 416-9 경우 15 bp가 남았으며, 416-17 경우 LB를 포함하여 안쪽의 염기서열의 최대 36 bp의 결실이 확인되었다. T-DNA의 염기서열을 제외한 배추 gDNA의 499 bp의 LB 인접염기서열은 B. oleracea의 염기서열과 96% 상동성을 가진 유전자로 확인되었다. RB border 인접서열 분석용 primer를 제작하여 PCR을 수행한 결과 모두 834 bp의 염기서열을 확인하였고, vector의 구성 요소 중 cryIAc1의 3' 말단 부위, nos-terminator 부위와 52 bp 및 배추 gDNA RB 인접염기서열로 확인되었다. RB 염기서열은 확인할 수 없었으며 nos-terminator 3' 말단의 21개의 염기를 포함하여 모두 58개의 염기서열이 결실된 것을 확인하였다. 형질전환식물체를 제작할 경우 발생하는 전이유전자나 식물의 염색체에 염기 결실은 매우 다양한 형태로 나타난다. 이번 실험의 경우, 전이유전자가 삽입된 위치에서 약 10 bp의 배추의 gDNA 염기가 결실된 것이나 삽입된 전이유전자의 RB 말단부분이 결실된 것은 예상할 수 있는 결과였지만, 특히 전이유전자의 말단인 nos-terminator 3' 끝에 65 bp 정도의 배추의 다른 유전자가 삽입되어 있다는 것을 확인하였고 이는 기대하지 않았던 결과였다. 삽입된 다른 배추유전자의 절편은 앞으로 더 많은 연구를 통하여 위치와 기능확인이 필요할 것이다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.109-134
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• 2011

미국의 지원 하에 추진된 우리베 정권(Alvaro Uribe:2002-2010)의 마약퇴치 및 불법무장조직에 대한 강경책은 가시적 성과에도 불구하고 마약과 관련된 범죄는 증가했으며, 마약재배와 거래량의 변화를 동반하지 않았다. 오히려 불법작물 재배권을 둘러싼 좌.우익 불법무장단체들의 무력분쟁은 심화되었고, 강제실향민으로 인한 난민은 급증했다. 2005년 실향민등록위원회 RUPD(el Registro Único de Población Desplazada)는 콜롬비아 전체인구의 7.3%에 해당하는 3,316,862명이 난민상태라고 보고했다. 특히 2002년 강제실향민으로 인한 난민 수는 전년대비 624%의 대폭적인 증가율을 나타냈다. 강제실향민 주요 배출지역은 마약범죄와 불법무장조직의 활동과 관련을 맺고 있는 곳으로 불법무장단체와 민병대의 점령지 확장과정에서 무력분쟁이 지속적으로 증가했다. 불법무장조직과 민병대가 불법작물경작지를 차지하는 과정에서 농민에 대한 무차별적인 공격을 감행하여 강제실향민이 급증하였고, 이들은 상주지를 떠나 국경을 넘어 접경지역으로 이동했다. 2002년 우리베 정권이 등장하기 이전 강제실향민문제는 일부 특정지역에 국한되었지만, 국가안보정책 추진이후 강제실향민은 양적인 팽창뿐만 아니라, 전국적으로 확산되는 경향을 나타냈다. 마약거래의 주요 루트였던 아마존 지역이 폐쇄되자 불법무장조직의 활동거점이 태평양 역으로 이동되었고, 특히 파나마 접경지역은 이전에 존재하지 않았던 강제실향민으로 인한 콜롬비아 난민이 증가했다. 본 연구는 2002년 우리베 정권등장 이후 증가한 국경지역 강제실향민을 대상으로 콜롬비아 난민증가 원인에 대해 고찰해 보고자 한다. 역사적으로 콜롬비아의 강제실향민이 가장 많이 분포되어 있는 베네수엘라와 1990년대 말 이후 강제실향민의 새로운 정착지로 변모한 파나마 그리고 2000년 들어 다른 인접국보다도 급격하게 증가한 에콰도르 접경지역의 강제실향민을 중심으로 강제실향민 증가원인을 고찰하고 이를 바탕으로 난민문제 해결을 위한 콜롬비아 정부의 노력을 살펴볼 것이다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the possible involvement of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and inferior vestibular nucleus (IVN) following acute hypotension in the vestibuloautonomic reflex through vestibulosolitary or vestibuloventrolateral projections. Acute hypotension-induced cFos expression was assessed in combination with retrograde cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) tract tracing. After injection of CTb into the solitary region, CTb-labeled neurons were located prominently around the lateral borders of the caudal MVN and medial border of the IVN. The superior vestibular nucleus also had a scattered distribution of CTb-labeled neurons. After injection of CTb toxin into the unilateral VLM, the distributions of CTb-labeled neurons in the MVN and IVN were similar to that observed after injection into the solitary region, although there were fewer CTb-labeled neurons. In the caudal MVN, about 38% and 13% of CTb-labeled neurons were double-labeled for cFos after injection of CTb into the solitary region and the VLM, respectively. In the IVN, 14% and 7% of CTb-labeled neurons were double-labeled for cFos after injection of CTb into the solitary region and the VLM, respectively. Therefore, the present study suggests that acute arterial hypotension may result in activation of vestibulosolitary pathways that mediate behavioral and visceral reflexes, and vestibuloventrolateral medullary pathways that indirectly mediate vestibulosympathetic responses.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.470-475
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to identify the complex course of the mandibular canal using 3D reconstruction of microCT images and to provide the diagram for clinicians to help them understand at the interforaminal region in Korean. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty-six hemimandibles obtained from cadavers were examined using microCT, and the images were reconstructed. At both the midpoint of mental foramen and the tip of anterior loop, the bucco-lingual position, the height from the mandibular inferior border, the horizontal distance between two points, and position relative to tooth site on the mandibular canal were measured. The angle that the mental canal diverges from the mandibular canal was measured in posterior-superior and lateral-superior direction. RESULTS. The buccal distance from the mandibular canal was significantly much shorter than lingual distance at both the mental foramen and the tip of anterior loop. The mandibular canal at the tip of anterior loop was significantly located closer to buccal side and higher than at the mental foramen. And the mental canal most commonly diverged from the mandibular canal below the first premolar by approximately $50^{\circ}$ posterior-superior and $41^{\circ}$ lateral-superior direction, which had with a mean length of 5.19 mm in front of the mental foramen, and exited to the mental foramen below the second premolar. CONCLUSION. These results suggest that it could form a hazardous tetrahedron space at the interforaminal region, thus, the clinician need to pay attention to the width of a premolar tooth from the mental foramen during dental implant placement.