• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.523-531
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• 1998

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the pattern of progression of periodontitis and the change in the extent and severity of the periodontal condition in young adults. Fourteen subjects with periodontitis, 11 males and 3 females in the age range 22-26, participated in the study. Following a baseline examination, the subjects were monitored for gingival index, probing pocket depth, gingival recession, probing attachment level and radiogrphic crestal bone height for 24 months without therapy. Re-examination were performed after 12 and 24 months. Gingival index, probing pocket depth, gingival recession and probing attachment level were assesed at 6 locations per tooth, and crestal bone height was assessed by subtraction radiography. The results from the follow-up examination revealed that the subjects underwent minor changes with respect to a series of different clinical parameters. The mean values of gingival index was improved, however, the mean values of probing pocket depth, gingival recession, probing attchment level and crestal bone height showed no significant change between baseline and the re-examination after 1 and 2 years.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.290-300
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• 1995

Tooth mobility is one of the most important clinical parameters in examination, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment planning procedure. In order to determine the differences of tooth mobility according to radiographical bone level, clinical root length, clinical crown/root ratio, and bleeding on probing, 90 male adults with periodontal disease and 10 male adults with periodontal health($25{\sim}45$ years old) were selected through clinical examinations including occlusal relationship, probing depth, attachment level, and bleeding on probing. On the mandibular anterior teeth, standard periapical radiographs were taken, and tooth mobility was measured by Periotest(Siemens Co., Germany). The radiographic bone level of individual tooth was evaluated as coronal 1/3, middle 1/3, and apical 1/3 to anatomical root length, and clinical crown length from incisal edge to bone level and clinical root length from bone level to root apex were measured with Boley gauge, and subsquently clinical crown/root ratio was calculated. The difference of tooth mobility(Periotest value) according to radiographical bone level, clinical root length, clinical crown/root ratio, and bleeding on probing was statistically analyzed by unpaired Student t-test. Tooth mobility was significantly higher in bleeding group than non-bleeding group on probing in the teeth radiographic bone level of middle 1/3, with clinical root length longer than 6mm, and with clinical crown/root ratio over 0.3(p<0.01). But there was no statistical difference in tooth mobility between bleeding group and non-bleeding group on probing in the teeth with radiographic bone level of apical 1/3, with short clinical root length less than 5mm, and with clinical crown/root ratio under 0.2(p>0.05). The results note that the tooth mobility depends on clinical root length, clinical crown/root ratio and gingival inflammation, and in the teeth with relatively good alveolar bone support gingival inflammation is one of the most important factors that affect tooth mobility.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.618-632
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• 1994

The ultimate goal of periodontal therapy is promoting the regeneration of lost periodontal tissue. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of treatment using decalcified freeze dried bone allograft as a bone graft material. 47 intrabony defects from 27 patients with clinical diagnosis of chronic periodontitis were selected among those 24 defects were treated via flap operation only and designated as the control group, the other 23 defects were treated with decalcified freeze dired bone allografting via flap operation and designated as the experimental group. Clinical parameters including probing depth, loss of attachment, probing bone level and gingival recession have been recorded at 6th months, and the significance of the changes has been analyzed. The results are as follows : 1. Probing depths were reduced significantly in both control group($2.75{\pm}0.99mm$) and experimental group($3.69{\pm}0.97mm$) postoperatively(p<0.01). Experimental group showed significantly higher decrease compared to the control group(p]0.01). 2. Loss of attachment showed statistically significant decrease in both control group($1.77{\pm}1.08mm$) and experimental group postoperatively($2.70{\pm}1.55mm$). Experimental group showed significantly higher decrease compared to the control group(p]0.05). 3. Probing bone levels were reduced with statistically significance in both control group($1.08{\pm}0.97mm$) and experimental group($4.00{\pm}1.41mm$) postoperatively(p<0.01). Experimental group showed significantly higher decrease compared to the control group(p<0.01). 4. Gingival recession showed statistically significant increase in the control group($1.21{\pm}0.72mm$) and experimental group($1.00{\pm}1.09mm$) postoperatively(p<0.01). There was no statistical significance between the control group and the experimental group. On the basis of these results, treatment using allogenic decalcified freeze dried bone is effective in reducing probing depth, loss of attachment and probing bone level. Therefore allogenic decalcified freeze dried bone is an effective bone graft material in periodontal regeneration.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.220-226
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the periodontal wound healing effect of particulate equine bone mineral on canine alveolar bone defects. Methods: Twelve adult male beagle dogs were used as study subjects. The mandibular second and fourth premolars were extracted prior to the experimental surgery, and the extraction sites were allowed to heal for 8 weeks. After periodontal probing, two-walled defects were created at the mesial and distal sides of the mandibular third premolars bilaterally, and the defects were filled with equine particulate bone with collagen membrane or bovine particulate bone with collagen membrane, or collagen membrane alone. The defects without any treatment served as negative controls. After probing depth measurement, animals were sacrificed at 10, 16, and 24 post-surgery weeks for micro-computed tomographic and histomorphometric analysis. Results: The equine particulate bone-inserted group showed significantly decreased values of probing depth and first bone contact compared to the negative control and collagen membrane alone groups at weeks 10, 16, and 24 (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the new cementum length, newly-formed bone area, or newly-formed bone volume between equine particulate bone- and bovine particulate bone-inserted groups, both of which showed significantly increased values compared to the negative control and collagen membrane alone groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Equine particulate bone showed significant differences in probing depth, first bone contact, new cementum length, newly formed bone area, and bone volume fraction values when compared to the negative control and collagen membrane alone groups. There were no significant differences between equine and bovine particulate bone substitutes in these parameters; therefore, we can conclude that equine particulate bone is equivalent to bovine bone for periodontal regeneration.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.184-189
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of root planing on the reduction of probing pocket depth and the gain of clinical attachment depending on the pattern of bone resorption (vertical versus horizontal bone loss) in the interproximal aspect of premolar teeth that showed an initial probing pocket depth of 4-6 mm. Methods: In this study, we analyzed 68 teeth (15 from the maxilla and 53 from the mandible) from 32 patients with chronic periodontitis (17 men and 15 women; mean age, 53.6 years). The probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level at all six sites around each tooth were recorded before treatment to establish a baseline value, and then three months and six months after root planing. Results: The reduction in interdental pocket depth was 1.1 mm in teeth that experienced horizontal bone loss and 0.7 mm in teeth that experienced vertical bone loss. Interdental attachment was increased by 1.0 mm in teeth with horizontal bone loss and by 0.7 mm in teeth with vertical bone loss. The reduction of probing pocket depth and the gain of clinical attachment occurred regardless of defect patterns three and six months after root planing. Conclusions: The reduction of pocket depth and gain in the clinical attachment level were significantly larger in horizontally patterned interproximal bone defects than in vertical bone defects.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.408-415
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• 2014

Peri-implant diseases are inflammatory lesions, which include peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Peri-implant mucositis is described as the presence of inflammation in the mucosa around implants without any bone loss. By contrast, in peri-implantitis, besides the inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa, loss of supporting bone is also seen. Diagnosis of peri-implant diseases require the use of gentle probing(0.2 ~ 0.3N) to identify the presence of bleeding on probing, probing depth and suppuration, both signs of clinical inflammation. Radiographs are required to detect loss of supporting bone. Baseline probing measurements and high quality, long cone periapical radiographs should be obtained once the restoration of the implant is completed to make possible longitudinal monitoring of peri-implant tissue.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.615-624
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• 2003

The most accurate method to assess bone level is the histometric measurement. However it causes discomfort in patients and damage to the regenerated tissues. in the present study, we used 4 type regenerative therapies, The present study evaluated the clinical reliability and accuracy of bone probing measurements and radiographic bone level in the assessment of bone level by comparing those results with histometric confirmed bone level. Twentyfour(24) intrabony defects(4${\times}$4mm 1-wall intrabony defects) were surgically created in the mandibular second and fourth premolars of 6 beagle dogs. The control group underwent a conventional flap operation. Experimental group I was treated with calcium phosphate glass only, and while experimental group 2 was treated with GTR and experimental group 3 was treated with calcium phosphate glass and GTR. The subjects were sacrificed 8 weeks after the operation and a bone probing measurements, radiographic measurement and histometric measurement was performed. The correlation between bone probing measurements(BP) and histometric measurement(HL), and radiographic measurement(RL) and histometric measurement(HL) were analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation analysis and the statistical significance with respect to the type of regenerative therapies was analyzed with the Kruskal Wallis test. The coefficient of correlation to HL was 0.73 for RL and 0.90 for BP. The type of regenerative therapies had no significant effect on the difference between HL and other measurements. The results of this study suggests that bone probing measurements most closely represents actual bone level. So bone probing measurements may be a good clinical method for assessing the hone level following any type of periodontal regenerative therapies.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.779-793
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• 2000

The ultimate goal of periodontal disease therapy is to promote the regeneration of lost periodontal tissue, there has been many attempts to develop a method to achieve this goal, but none of them was completely successful. This study was designed to compare the effects of treatment using resorbable barrier membrane($Biomesh^{?}$) in combination with autogenous bone graft material with control treated by only modified Widman flap. 22 infrabony defecs from 10 patients with chronic periodontitis were used for this study, 10 sites of them were treated with resorbable barrier membrane and autogenous bone graft material as experimental group and 12 site were treated by only modified Widman flap as control group. Clinical parameters including probing depth, gingival recession, bone probing depth and loss of attachment were recorded at 6-8 months later, and the significance of the changes was statistically analyzed. The results are as follows : 1. Probing depth of the two group was reduced with statistically significance(P<0.05), but this changes were not different between the two experiment, control group with statistically significance. 2. Gingival recession showed statistically significant increase in control group(P<0.05), but not in experimental group, and initial values of the two group were in statistically significant difference(P<0.05). 3. Bone probing depth showed statistically significant decrease in experimental group(P<0.05), but not in control group, and this changes were different between the two experiment, control group with statistically significance(P<0.05). 4. Loss of attachment showed statistically significant decrease in experimental group(P<0.05), but not in control group, and this changes were different between the two experiment, control group with statistically significance(P<0.05) On the basis of these results, treatment using resorbable barrier membrane in combination with autogenous bone graft material improve the probing depth, bone probing depth and loss of attachment in infrabony defects.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.499-508
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• 2004

Regeneration of Periodontium with PRP does not only improve regeneration rate and density of bone but have a possibility to estimate faster healing process for soft tissue. And also, autogenous bone and xenogenic bone graft are effective on regeneration of periodontium. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of autogenous bone and xenogenic bone $(BBP^{(R)})$ grafts with the PRP technique on regeneration of periodontium. 52 Generally healthy Pt. who had pocket depth 5mm at any of 6 surfaces of the teeth were in the study at Dept. of Perio. in Dankook Dental Hospital. Open Flap was treated for 18 infra-bony pockets as control group, autogenous bone with PRP was inserted for 25 infrabony pockets as first test group, and $(BBP^{(R)})$ with PRP was inserted for 22 infrabony pockets as 2nd test group. Then evaluation was made after 3 and 6 months 1. There were significant differences between average probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level of 3, 6 months and minimal and maximal attachment level after 6 months each other. 2. There were significant differences in average probing pocket depth of control group and 2nd experimental group between 1 and 6 months. For clinical attachment level and minimal and maximal proving attachment level, there was a significant difference after 6 month of surgery. 3. There was no significant difference between two test groups for average probing depth, clinical attachment level, and minimal and maximal probing attachment level. As the result, PRP with bone graft could be very effective for regeneration of periodontium and there was no difference between xenogenic bone and autogenous bone.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.325-338
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• 2002

Bone graft using growth factors and guided tissue regeneration have been used for the regeneration of infrabony defects which caused by periodontal disease. Calcium sulfate which is one of the resorbable barrier materials used for guided tissue regeneration. Platelet rich plasma which is a easy method to obtain the growth factors had many common points but, platelet rich plasma was still studying. This study was the comparative study between bone graft using platelet rich plasma and guided tissue regeneration using calcium sulfate barrier material in clinical view. For the study, 28 sites(2 or 3 wall infrabony defects) were treated. 14 infrabony defects were received surgical implantation of BBP-calcium sulfate composite with a calcium sulfate barrier and the others received BBP mixed with platelet rich plasma. Clinical outcome was accessed 3 and 6 months of postsurgery. 1. There was no statistical difference between CS group and PRP group in pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, and probing bone level at baseline. 2. There was statistically significant reduction in probing depth, clinical attachment level, and probing bone level at 3 and 6 months postsurgery(p<0.05). 3. In the probing depth and clincial attachment level PPR group had less improvement than CS group, but there was no statistically difference at 3 and 6 months postsurgery. 4. In the recession PPR group had less recession than CS group, but there was no statistically difference at 3 and 6 months postsurgery. 5. In the probing bone level PPR group had less improvement than CS group, but there was no statistically difference at 6 months postsurgery. In conclusion bone graft using platelet rich plasma and guided tissue regeneration using calcium sulfate barrier showed similar clinical improvement for the treatment of 2 or 3 wall infrabony defects.