• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2000

It is important to identify modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, because the breast cancer is one of the major causs of mortality among women. Some reported that obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, but the results are not constant. Many risk factors are related to the duration of estrogenic stimulation of the breast. In general, early menarche and late menopause are positive risk factors. Human breast cancer has different characteristics according to the status of menopause(premenopause and postmenopause). In premenopausal women, about 60% of circulating estrogen is from the ovaries in the form of estradiol, and the remaining 40% is estrogen formed primarily in the adipose(fat) tissue via aromatization of androstenedion from the adrenal glands. After menopause this adipose cell production of estrone is the main source of estrogens and the level of estrone is maintained approximately at premenopausal levels. This study was undertaken to determine the role of body size and body mass index by status of menopause in development of breast cancer using retrospective case/control study. From March 1991 to February 1997 at the Wonkwang University Hospital, the breast cancer cases(n=72) and controls(n=86) were selected. By statistical analysis method, regression analysis, paired T-test and multiple logistic regression were done to estimate the influenced factors same as height, weight, BMI, age at menarche and age at menopause. The following results were obtained : 1. In premenopausal women, age at menarche was showed comparatively high correlation coefficients and BMI was described prominently highly in postmenopause. 2. At the results of multiple regression analysis, age at monarch, BMI and weight were showed as significant variables. In this method, critical factor ($R^2$) was 0.054. 3. Paired samples T-test was undertaken to test mean difference between two groups of cases and controls. The result of test performance showed a significant difference. 4. In comparison with women whose weight less than 50 kg, the ORs for the upper 5th group was 1.82(95% confidence interval). The heaviest women had a higher risk(OR=1.14, 95% confidence interval $1.12{\sim}1.31$, p=0.005). Higher body mass index was significantly associated with increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer (OR=1.01, 95% confidence interval $1.08{\sim}l.18$, p=0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to compared the cerebral palsy children with normal children in the exercise and cardio vascular ability after this study as the fundamental data fer mating programs for the cerebral palsy children. The test of this study is about twenty girls, the control group of the normal children(n=10) and the experiment group of cerebral palsy children(n=10). They were studied in four aspects which were the anthropometry, the medical check in the rest, the physical fitness or exercise roads test and the change of the target heart rate during exercise. The result were as follows : 1. The characteristic of the physical type : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the standing height and the body weight but their's little difference between them (p<0.05). The control group is lower than the experiment group in the body fat. 2. The characteristic of the medical check in the rest : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the vital capacity and flood expiratoryvolume one second. The control group is higher that the experiment group in the blood pressure of systolic and Diastolic. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). The control is lower than the experiment group in the heart pulse rate. There's little difference between them(p<0.005). 3. The characteristic of basic physical strength evaluation : The experiment group is the lowest dynamic muscular endurance, balance, agility and endurance which need to move the body with weight. The control group is much higher than the experiment group in the flexibility and muscle strength(Back strength). There's no difference between them(p<0.05). 4. The characteristics of the exercise stress last : The control group is higher than the experiment group in the endurance, the maximum of oxygen intake, endurance level and the out take of calory. There's little difference between them(p<0.01). 5. The characteristic of the change of the target heart rate during exercise : The control group is lower than the experiment group exchange of target heart rate, There's no difference them.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2003

본 실험은 육계에서 남은 음식물 사료자원 개발의 일환으로 실시하였으며, 생산성을 좀더 큰 효과를 기대하기위해 남은 음식물에 생균제를 수준별로 첨가하여 급여할 경우 육계의 성장 및 체조성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기위하여 실시하였으며, 육계사료에 남은음식물 사료 15%에 첨가한 생균제 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% 첨가구 및 항생제 0.1%첨가구로 총 6처리 4반복 반복당 7수씩 총 196수로 6주간 사양시험을 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 체조성은 대조구가 17.52% 비해 생균제 1.0%첨가구가 15.57%로 단백질 함량 수치가 낮게 나타났다 (P>0.05). 조지방은 대조구가 3.30%인 반면 남은음식물 사료는 6.44%로 음식물에 지방 함량이 높게 나타났다 (P<0.05). 조회분은 대조구가 1.41%로서 항생제 1.53% 비해 첨가구들이 1.75%. 1.72% 및 2.13%로 높았다 (P<0.05). Stearic acid, linoleic acid 지방산이 대조구에 비해 첨가구들이 낮은 수치를 나타냈으며 mystic asid, palmitoleic acid 지방산은 대조구 비해 첨가구들이 높은 수치를 나타냈다 (P<0.05). 복강내 지방 함량은 장기무게 비율은 대조구 1.05 g로 남은음식물 생균제 1.5%첨가구가 2.30 g로 두배의 차이로 높은 비율을 나타났다 (P<0.05).

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권4호
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• pp.414-418
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• 2007

북방수염하늘소의 산란흔은 잣나무의 산란가지 상부(햇빛을 바로 받는 부위)에서 $3.3{\pm}3.6$개, 하부(지면을 향하는 부위)에서 $16.3{\pm}13.9$개로 하부를 선호하여 산란하는 것으로 나타났다. 산란흔과 실제 부화 유충 수를 비교 한 결과 실험실 산란목의 산란흔은 $64.7{\pm}23.8$개였고, 유충 수는 $18.8{\pm}10.0$마리였다. 반면, 야외 산란목의 산란흔은 $63.6{\pm}31.1$개 였고, 유충 수는 $2.0{\pm}2.6$마리 였다. 잣나무 내수피와 목질부를 함께 공급한 유충들은 체중이 증가 하며 발육상태가 정상이었으나 목질부만 공급한 유충들의 경우 체중이 감소 하며 발육상태는 불량 하였다. 그러나 목질부만 급여한 유충들에게 잣나무 내수피를 함께 공급한 결과 몸무게와 발육상태가 회복 되는 것을 관찰 할 수 있었다. 지방체를 이용한 Esterase 활성 실험에서는 잣나무 내수피와 목질부를 함께 먹인 유충에서 Est1이 강한 활성을 나타냈다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.289-303
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• 2007

This report includes basic data on nutrition education for Chinese adolescents living in Korea. A total of 183 Chinese adolescents living in Incheon participated in the survey. Body composition was analyzed by the Inbody 4.0., and questionnaires on personal dietary behavior were administrated. When compared with the body measure indices of Korean adolescents, we found that height was similar, but weight greater ($5{\sim}12 kg$) among the participants. Regarding obesity, 30.0% of all students were obese (BMI>25), especially the high school boys (42.0%). But in the case of middle school boys, the rates of obesity and under weight (BMI<18.5) were the same (both of them at 22.9%). The average WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) of the female high school group (0.9) was over the normal range. The average percent body fat for each group was also over the normal range. The percentage of students having breakfast everyday was 52.2%, and the rate of skipping breakfast was 25.0%. In the obesity group, the rate of skipping breakfast was remarkably high (P<0.05). Because lunch service was not available at the schools, a lunch box from home was the most popular pattern (43.1 %), but eating out was also popular at 36.6%. For the male high school students, the eating out rate was 62.8%. Since many have-lived in Korea for a few generations, the students' eating practices were much closer to the Korean pattern. For their ordinary meal pattern, 96.0% of the students included Korean foods. however, for New Years Day, the rate of having Gyo-Ja was 75.2%, and having Wol-Byung at Choo-seok was 78.6%, showing that the Chinese tradition still remains. In the case of food preferences, the percentage having Kimchi everyday was 62.1 %, but those drinking green tea was 13.1 %. For cold drinks, the rate for drinking them more than twice per week was 71.6%. The most preferred cooking method was frying with oil (50.6%). Among the students who had visited China (or Taiwan), the rate for 'bad food familiarity' was 37.0%, and the rate for 'did not know Chinese traditional course menus' was 71.3%. As a result of combining eating practices from both China and Korea, and the absence of lunch service in Chinese schools, students are showing bad dietary behaviors. therefore, it is necessary to provide proper nutrition education and a system for lunch service in Chinese schools.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.52-68
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the weight loss effects of auricular acupuncture in obese patients. Methods: Six databases (Research Information Sharing Service [RISS], Korean studies Information Service System [KISS], Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System [OASIS], PubMed, The Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI]) were searched up to May 20, 2020. Eight eligible randomized controlled trials were included the present study. The quality of included studies was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool and a meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager software. A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model and a subgroup analysis was performed to detect the sources of heterogeneity, identify the selection of acupuncture methods and explore its contributions to the weight loss effects. Results: Among 8 trials, 5 trials used auricular acupuncture and 2 trials used auricular acupressure, 1 trial used both types of intervention. Most commonly selected acupoints were Shenmen (TF4) and stomach (CO4). Treatment duration was six to twelve weeks, and total treatment session was six to twelve. Compared to the control groups, auricular acupuncture significantly decreased body weight, body mass index (BMI), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) and ghrelin. For the selection of acupuncture methods, both methods performed similarly in most outcome except waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BFP), and triglycerides (TG). Conclusions: We found that auricular acupuncture can be effective for weight loss and controlling appetite. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to heterogeneity. So further vigorous and well-designed studies should be conducted to strengthen the evidence of the use of auricular acupuncture for obesity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1047-1051
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• 2017

노화 과정에 따라 중년 여성들은 폐경 이후 체력이 저하되기 시작하면서 체지방 증가와 제지방량의 감소로 비만으로 이어지기 쉽고, 이러한 현상은 체내 호르몬의 분비의 변화와 함께 발생된다. 본 연구는 서킷 트레이닝이 비만 중년 여성의 노화 관련 호르몬에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 대상자 체지방률 30% 이상인 비만 중년 여성 운동군 10명, 대조군 10명 총 20명을 실시하였다. 운동 시간은 준비운동 5분, 본 운동 20분, 정리운동 5분으로 총 30분 주 3회 실시하였으며, 운동 강도는 운동자각도를 이용하여 13~17(약간 힘들다-매우 힘들다)수준으로 실시하였고, 또한 POLAR 심박수 변화량을 측정하여 1~6주는 60~70%HRR (Heart rate reserve), 7~12주는 70~80%HRR로 설정하였다. IGF-1은 운동군이 유의하게 증가하였으며, GH는 운동군이 유의하게 증가하였고, DHEA-S는 운동군이 유의하게 증가하였다. 이상의 결과 서킷 트레이닝이 비만 중년 여성의 노화 관련 호르몬에 긍정적인 영향을 준 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.777-788
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to assess physical activities and activity coefficient of preschool children and was to give some concrete information to activate outdoor play and to probe the suggestions to activate outdoor play. 42 preschool children (17 boys and 25 girls) were included. Body weight and height were measured and one-day activity diaries were collected by interviewing with their parents and kindergarten teachers. To measure physical activity during outdoor play, this study was researched the current conditions and content of outdoor play activity in daycare centers, and teacher's perceptions of that outdoor play. The average age of the subjects was 5.0 years. Average height, weight, body fat and body muscle of subjects were 108.9 cm, 18.9 kg, 17.7% and 26.8%, respectively. The subjects spent about 10 hours 39 minutes sleeping; 4 hours 16 minutes personal hygiene and computer working. They spent 88.2% of 24 hours (one day) in "very light activities" and 11.3% in "light activities". Activity coefficient (1.34) of weekday was significantly higher than that of weekend (1.21). And in this study, it was found that most of daycare centers (87.7%) have outdoor play space, 95.2% of them were garden. The teachers recognized that have a outdoor play frequency everyday (48%), three or four times (46%) in a week but they have three or four times (38%), one or two times (30%) because of various indoor program. Also, they recognized that have a outdoor play expending time 21-30 minutes (48%), 31-40 minutes (26%) but they have 21-30 minutes (64%). They answered that have frequency and expending time less than their recognition of outdoor play. Most of daycare center teachers perceived outdoor play to be as important as indoor play, and the teachers believed outdoor play supports children's physical, cognitive, social, and language development. The results of this study may be used to utilize as a basic data for estimate physical activity for preschool children and developed that exercise program to increase physical activity of daycare center outdoor play.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.935-945
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• 1999

The factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) of 103 rural women aged 30 to 76 years were investigated. Data for food and nutrient intake was obtained by 24-hour recall method. BMD of lumbar spine(L1-L4), femoral neck, ward's triangle and trochanter was measured by XR-series x-ray bone densitometer. Serum was collected and analyzed for total Ca, P and ionized Ca (Ca++)content. Relationship between the factors and BMDs was analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient(r) and multiple regression analysis. The results are summarized as follows. 50% of the subjects under 50 years of age($\leq$49 yr group) and 86.4% of the subjects from 50 up($\geq$50yr group) were classified as osteopenia or osteoporosis. Mean body weight, height and BMI were 153.1cm, 59.1kg and 25.0kg/$m^2$ in $\leq$49 yr group and 151.9cm, 55.9kg, and 24.2kg/$m^2$ in $\geq$50 yr group. BMDs of lumbar spines and femurs ranged from 0.84 to 1.05g/$m^2$ and from 0.67 to 1.16g/$m^2$ in $\leq$49 yr group, and ranged from 0.67 to 0.85kg/$m^2$ and from 0.68 to 0.44g/$m^2$ in $\geq$50 yr group, respectively. On the whole, the BMDs were reduced to 83.8 to 94.2% of peck bone mass in $\leq$49 yr group and 55.2 to 78.9% of those in $\geq$50 yr group. Mean daily intake of Ca was much less than the Korean RDA, \67.2% in $\leq$49 yr group and 62.3% in $\geq$50 yr group. The average concentration of total Ca, P and Ca++ in serum were within normal range in both age group. Both age and height were significantly related with BMD in both age group but the relationship tended to be stronger in $\geq$50 yr group than in $\leq$49 yr group. Body weight was also a potent determinant of BMD only in 50 yr group. In $\leq$49 yr group, total food intake was positively related with BMDs of ward's triangle, L1 and L2 and intake of cereals and grain products, sugars and sweets, milk and dairy products was positively related with BMDs measured in this study. On the contrary, intake of eggs, oil and fats were positively related with a few BMDs in 50 yr group. The BMDs were positively affected by intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate, Ca, P and Fe in $\leq$49 yr group and those of protein, fat Ca, P, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and vitamin C in $\geq$50 yr group. It was noteworthy that serum Ca++ concentration was positively related with BMDs of lumbar spine in boty age groups. According to multiple regression analysis, the four factors, age, body weight, height and BMI additionally accounted for 21% of the variance in BMD of trochanter in $\leq$49 yr group and only two factors, age and C a intake accounted for 38% of that of femoral neck in $\geq$50 yr group. Further investigation is necessary to make sure of the relations between BMD and serum Ca++ level.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.319-326
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Effective weight reduction remains a challenge throughout the world as the prevalence of obesity and its consequences are increasing. This study aimed to determine the effects of an individualized nutrition counseling program (IC) matched with a transtheoretical model (TTM) for overweight and obese subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Fifty overweight and obese subjects aged 19-60 years with a body mass index ${\geq}23kg/m^2$ were enrolled in the weight reduction study. They were randomized into two groups: Intervention group received an IC matched with a TTM; control group received an educational handbook. Body weight (BW), body fat (BF), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), stages of change (SOC), processes of change (POC), food intake, and physical activity (PA) were assessed at baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after program initiation in both groups. All data were analyzed by intention-to-treat, using SPSS software for hypothesis testing. RESULTS: Forty-five female subjects were included in the 12-week trial at Ramkhamhaeng Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. The results showed significant weight loss ($1.98{\pm}1.75kg$; 3% loss of initial weight) in the intervention group at 12 weeks, compared to a $0.17{\pm}1.67kg$ loss in the control group. There were significant differences between intervention and control groups in BF mass ($-1.68{\pm}1.78$, $-0.04{\pm}1.62kg$); percentage BF ($-1.54{\pm}2.11$, $0.08{\pm}2.05$); WC ($-5.35{\pm}3.84$, $0.13{\pm}3.23cm$); WHtR ($-0.0336{\pm}0.02$, $-0.0004{\pm}0.02$), and energy consumption ($-405.09{\pm}431.31$, $-74.92{\pm}499.54kcal/day$) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Intragroup SOC was improved in both groups. The POC for the weight management action (WMA) process was significantly different with POC scores increasing by $16.00{\pm}11.73$ and $7.74{\pm}14.97$ in the intervention and the control groups, respectively. PA level did not change in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The IC matched with a TTM resulted in reductions in BW, BF, and WC, thus reducing likely health risks by decreasing energy intake and inducing positive behavior changes while enhancing the WMA process.