• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.781-787
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to verify a correlation between flexi-bar exercise and improvement of trunk strength and body composition in juvenile soccer players. The subjects were 11 teenager juvenile soccer players who conducted flexi-bar exercise half an hour daily three times a week for eight weeks. They were tested for trunk muscles strength, body composition and correlation. The result showed that trunk muscles strength improved significantly(p<.01) and weight, Rt. arm muscle mass, Rt. leg muscle mass, and Lt. leg muscle mass(p<.05), Lt. arm muscle mass, trunk muscle mass, and body muscle mass(p<.01) improved significantly as well while Lt. arm fat mass, Rt. leg fat mass, and Lt. leg fat mass decreased significantly(p<.05). In the correlation analysis, the more trunk muscle mass and trunk muscles strength increased, the more muscle mass of body regions increased, which was a positive correlation whereas fat mass of body regions decreased, which was a negative correlation. It was verified that there was a correlation between flexi-bar exercise and improvement of trunk muscles strength and body composition for juvenile soccer players.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 1971

For the measurement on the fat content if University Students, an intensive examination was conducted on a total of 3,030 students(male 2,577, female 453), from 16 to 25 years of age. The subjects were all students who had passed the written entrance examination for Seoul National University. Total Body Fat amount was measurement by skin-fold thickness with a skin-fold caliper(Manufactured by Cambridge Scientific Industrial Inc. U.S.A.) at four sites of the body, and it was calculated by Kim's and Lee's regression equation. As a result of this survey, the following conclusions were obtained; 1. Physical Measurements: i) The average of body height by anthropometric was male $167.95{\pm}4.85cm$ and female $156.03{\pm}4.56cm$. ii) The average body weight by anthropometric was male $56.42{\pm}5.65kg$ and female $51.29{\pm}5.34kg$. iii) The average of chest-girth by anthropometric was male $89.95{\pm}5.33cm$ and female $81.36{\pm}4.89cm$. iv) The average of sitting-height by anthropometric was male $91.23{\pm}4.98cm$ and female $86.18{\pm}4.15cm$. v) The average of arm circumference by anthropometric was male $23.76{\pm}2.17cm$ and female $22.39{\pm}1.79cm$. In all cases the male measurements were higher than the female. 2. The mean skin-fold thickness measured with a large skin-fold caliper was; At the sub-scapular: male $11.54{\pm}4.84mm$ and female $14.07{\pm}4.49mm$, Abdominal: male $10.36{\pm}7.09mm$ and female $14.95{\pm}5.47mm$, Lumbar; male $12.55{\pm}6.44mm$ and female $17.02{\pm}6.57mm$, Upper arm: male $6.28{\pm}3.71mm$ and female $11.62{\pm}3.99mm$, Total average: male $10.18{\pm}5.52mm$ and female $14.41{\pm}5.13mm$, in all cases the female measurements were higher than the male. 3. Data on body fat amounts according to body fat weight regression equation were: in male: Fat weight=10.56kg, Fat free weight=45.86kg, Fat weight/Total body mass(%)=18.71%, (Body fat amount %), Fat weight/Fat free weight(%)=23.02%, Fat free weight/Total body mass(%)=81.29%. in female: Fat weight=12.23kg, Fat free weight=39.06kg, Fat weight/Total body mass(%)=23.85%, Fat weight/Fat free weight(%)=31.31%, Fat free weight/Total body mass(%)=76.15%. The females value was higher than the males.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.948-955
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• 2000

This study was done to compare the difference of obesity index(waist-hip ratio, body fat, body mass index, relative body weight), blood pressure and serum lipids in abdominal obesity and non abdominal in both men and women. Abdominal and non abdominal obesity was divided into waist-hip ratio above 0.85 in women and 0.95 in men. The subjects were 412 adults (age range 40-59), who had regular health examinations between 1996 to 1997 at the S-Hospital in Seoul. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA (for adjusted for age) and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results were as follows: 1. 39.9% of men and 42.5% of women had abdominal obesity. The average age group of abdominal obesity was 50.8 which is older than the non abdominal obesity group(48.0). 2. After they were adjusted for age, the group of men who have abdominal obesity had higher levels in body fat, body mass index, relative body weight, blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol and triglyceride than the group of non abdominal obesity group. The group of women with abdominal obesity had higer levels in body fat, body mass index, relative body weight , blood pressure and triglyceride than the group of non abdominal obesity. 3. In the group of non abdominal obesity, the waist-hip ratio was significantly correlated to body fat, body mass index, relative body weight, blood pressure and serum lipids the group of abdominal obesity in men and women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.565-573
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Monacolin-inoculated rice embryo on the body fat and serum lipid profiles in 61 obese elementary school students. The subjects divided into two groups 31 obese children had the experimental diet (rice embryo inoculated Monacolin) and 30 obese children had the control diet three times a day after meals. The mean age, height, weight, and BMI of 61 subjects were $10.5\pm0.5$ years, $143.6\pm6.8cm,\;55.0\pm8.9kg,\;and\;26.1 \pm3.9$, respectively. The changes of body fat mass (kg) in experimental group and control group after 6 weeks were -0.60kg and -0.03kg, respectively. The changes of body fat $(\%)$ in experimental group and control group after 6weeks were $-1.44\%\;and\;-0.25\%$, respectively. These changes of body fat in experimental group were significantly higher than in control group (p<0.05). The change of total-cholesterol in experimental group and control group during 6weeks were -17.52mg/dL and -1.70mg/dL, respectively. The change of LDL-cholesterol in experimental group and control group during 6 weeks were -17.06mg/dL and - 2.80mg/dL, respectively. The change of triglyceride in experimental group and control group after 6 weeks were -9.58mg/dL and 11.67mg/dL. Total-cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol and triglyceride of experimental group after 6 weeks significantly decreased compared to control group (p<0.05). After experimental diet (6 weeks), total-cholesterol was negatively correlated with body water contents, soft lean mass and fat free mass (p<0.05). Triglyceride showed a significantly positive correlation with body weight and body fat mass, however, it was negatively correlated with fat free mass (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol showed a significantly positive correlation with fat free mass (p<0.05). These results show that Monacolin-inoculated rice embryo is effective in decreasing body fat and blood lipid in obese children.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.363-375
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of obesity management program in food attitude and food habit, body composition(body fat ratio, body fat weight, lean body mass, total body water), abdominal girth(waist, hip, thigh), and serum lipid level(cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, phospholipid, NE fatty acid, high density lipoprotein) of middle aged women. Data for the study were collected from July 4 to August 25, 2000. The study objects were 20 middle aged women(10 controls and 10 experimental objects) from 40 to 50 years old who had body fat ratio more than $30\%$ and waist girth more than 80cm. The results were as follows: 1. Similarity test between experimental group and control group processed by serum HDL level showed the significant difference(t=3.25, p=0.004), but that processed by age, body weight, body fat ratio, body fat weight, lean body mass, total body water, waist girth, hip girth, thigh girth, cholesterol level, LDL level, triglyceride level, NE fatty acid level, food attitude and food habit score showed no significant difference(p>0.05). These findings imply that the two groups are similar in the sample distribution. 2. The effects of the abdominal obesity management program The obtained results indicate that the abdominal obesity management program in middle aged women changes the food attitude & the food habit. decreases the body fat ratio & the body fat weight and increases the lean body mass, and decreases the girth of waist & hip and the serum level of cholesterol & LDL. Therefore, it is concluded that the abdominal obesity management program can be applied for nursing intervention to decrease the body fat weight and abdominal obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.539-546
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sleep duration on dietary habits and body composition of university students. Sleep duration has recently been added to the list of risk factors for obesity. However, studies on this topic are fairly limited particularly in Korea. We studied the relationship between the duration of sleep and obesity principally based on body mass index and %body fat in university students. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on a total of 312 university students. The subjects enrolled for this study were divided into two groups: (1) those with sleep duration of <7 hours (148 students) and (2) those with sleep duration of >7 hours (164 students). Based on a self-reporting method, the participants filled up the questionnaires for more than 20 minutes. Based on the overall data obtained, we observed that most students (52.88%) skipped breakfast. This was mainly due to shortage of time (60.58%). We also observed that self-reporting dietary preferences included eating irregular meals (49.04%), overeating (19.55%), imbalanced diet (16.35%), and skipping meals (9.94%). It was found that cookies were the favorite snacks in the majority of the participants (50%). Our data reveal that the body mass index, fat mass, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat, respectively of the shorter sleep duration group (<7 h/day) were 23.78 $kg/m^2$, 19.13 kg, 2.23 kg, and 11.15 kg. In contrast, in those of the control group (7 h/day), these values were found to be 21.84 $kg/m^2$, 13.88 kg, 1.56 kg, and 12.11 kg. We also observed that there were significant correlations of sleep duration with body mass index (p<0.05), fat mass (p<0.01), visceral fat (p<0.01), and beck depression score (p<0.01). Our data suggest that the body mass index in the shorter sleep duration group was higher than that of the control group; however, %fat, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat in the shorter sleep duration group were found to be higher than those of the control group. The data obtained through our study suggest that short sleep duration is clearly associated with a modest increase in general and abdominal obesity particularly in university students.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.604-612
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the association of waist circumference (WC) with body composition among individuals with a normal body mass index (BMI) to distinguish muscle and fat mass, as both affect health differently. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We analyzed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data (derived from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, which includes information on fat and lean mass) of 7,493 adults with a normal BMI. Subjects were categorized into four groups of increasing WC. The fourth group was defined as being centrally obese. Each number of subjects are as follows: 1,870, 695, 231, and 39 among men and 3,054, 1,100, 406, and 98 among women. We conducted a sex-stratified linear regression analysis of body composition according to WC group after adjustments for covariates. RESULTS: We observed a positive association of body fat with increasing WC in both men and women (all P for trend: < 0.001). The adjusted mean values for percent body fat with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to the four WC groups in ascending order were 17.8 (17.5-18.3), 21.0 (20.6-21.5), 22.1 (21.5-22.8), and 25.1 (24.2-26.1) in men and 29.7 (29.4-30.0), 32.0 (31.6-32.3), 32.9 (32.4-33.4), and 34.7 (33.2-36.1) in women. However, there was an inverted J-shaped association between muscle mass and WC. The fourth group had a higher percent body fat and lower muscle mass than other groups. The adjusted mean values for appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m²) with 95% CIs according to the four WC groups in ascending order were 7.55 (7.51-7.59), 7.62 (7.56-7.68), 7.65 (7.56-7.74), and 7.22 (7.04-7.41) in men and 5.83 (5.80-5.85), 5.96 (5.92-6.00), 6.03 (5.96-6.10), and 5.88 (5.73-6.03). CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive association between body fat and WC among individuals with normal BMI; conversely there was an inverted J-shaped association between lean body mass and WC. Our findings support the WC measurement should be included in obesity evaluations for adults with a normal BMI.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to examine how circulating leptin concentrations and resting energy expenditures (REE) are related to body composition in obese adults, and to examine differences in these parameters according to gender. Twenty-three subjects, 6 males and 17 females, were recruited from patients with a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 27 at the Obesity Clinic of the K University Hospital. Anthropometric assessments and biochemical analyses were performed, and REEs were measured. In spite of having similar BMI values the plasma leptin levels of females (20.0$\pm$6.5 ng/ml) were significantly higher (p<.05) than those of males (14.2$\pm$6.1) ng/ml). In females, plasma leptin concentrations were found to be positively related to body weight. BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), fat mass (FM), body fat, and to the circumferences of forearm, waist and hip (p<.0001). However, in males, plasma leptin concentrations were positively related only to suprailiac thickness (p<.05). The higher plasma leptin levels in females compared to males may, at least partially. be explained by the females' higher subcutaneous fat mass. Plasma leptin concentrations appeared to reflect not only total fat mass but also regional fat distribution, especially in females. REE values of males (2254.3$\pm$256.2 kcal/day) were significantly higher (p＜.01) than those of females (1799.1$\pm$454.7 kcal/day). REE values for females were positively related to body weight, BMI, lean body mass (LBM), FM, body fat, and to the circumferences of waist and hip (p<.05); however, REE values for males were (positively) related only to LBM (p<.05). REE values were not related to plasma leptin concentrations for either males or females, indicating that the plasma level of leptin might not be a predictor for REE value.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1248-1257
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of an exercise program for middle-aged obese women. Method: The exercise program combined folk dance and resistance training. The subjects group consisted of 85 middle-aged obese women between 40 and 60 years of age. Three 8 week sessions consisted of a $55-80\%$ maximum heart rate (MHR) exercise for 60-90 minutes a day and 3 times a week from March to November, 2004. Data was collected through a pre- and post-exercise test before and after each session. Data was collected with Inbody, dynamometer and blood. This data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, and a paired t-test with an SPSS/PC(10.0 version) program. Results: There were significant positive changes in body weight, body fat mass, body mass index, percent body fat, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and balance quality, but no significant positive changes in skeletal mass, fat free mass, percent abdominal fat(waist-hip ratio), visceral fat area, agility, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglycerides. Conclusion: This study showed that an exercise program has partially positive effects for middle-aged obese women. The results of this study show that exercise at community health centers should continue for middle-aged obese women's health.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.675-686
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• 2005

It is known that appropriate exercise changes body composition and improves coronary artery disease. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationships between aerobic exercise, body composition, and the blood lipid levels in the middle-aged women(33 to 54 years old). The 57 subjects were divided into two groups based on their exercise: the aerobic exercise group(A group: 44) which performed at about $60\%$ of $VO_2max$ during over 6 months and the sedentary one(S group: 13). The percentages of body fat waist/hip ratio(WHR), body mass, and lean body mass of two groups were measured and compared in serum HDLC level and oxidized LDL level, the two most effective factors of coronary artery disease. The subjects in A group showed the lower percentages of body fat and WHR, when compared with the ones in S group. The body mass and lean body mass of A group subjects were higher than those of S group subjects. The serum HDL-C level$(58.6\pm12.7mg/mL)$ was significantly higher for A than S group subjects.(p<0.05) The sem ox-LDL level $(6.64\pm4.11Eu/mL)$ for A group subjects was lower than S group ones. The fat mass showed significantly positive correlations with atherogenic index(AI)(r=0.301, p<0.05), and with blood glucose levels(r=0.334, p<0.05). Also the WHR whowed significantly positive correlations with LDL-C levels(r=0.277, p<0.05), and with AI(r=0.466, p<0.01). In summary, the subjects in A group have the lower percentages of body fat and WHR, when compared with the ones in S group. Also, A group subject showed a tendency that exercise enhances serum HDL-C levels and decreases oxidized LDL levels. And aerobic exercise showed positive results which change body composition and improve blood lipid levels. There were significantly positive correlations among the percentages of body fat At and blood glucose level. These results suggest that moderately intensive exercise is a significant factor in reducing coronary artery disease.