• 산업진흥연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2023

명리학의 격국(格局) 해설서라 불리는 심효첨의 『자평진전(子平眞詮)』의 간명 방법은 격국(格局)을 선정하고 격(格)의 길흉을 구분하여 순역(順逆)의 원리에 따라 상신(相神)을 설정한다. 이때 월지(月支)의 지장간(地藏干)이 두 개 이상 투간(透干)하여 여러 격을 이루게 되어 겸격(兼格)이 되는 경우 격의 주체를 최종적으로 알고 있어야만 상신(相神)을 설정하고 격의 성패(成敗)를 판단할 수 있다. 하지만 『자평진전』에서는 겸격의 구조와 의미만을 설명하였고 겸격의 최종 주체를 결정하는 방법은 기술되지 않았다. 본 연구자는 겸격의 주체를 선정하는 연구를 위해 각종 문헌을 고찰했고 여러 가지 겸격의 실제 사례를 월령과 격국으로 나누어 비교 분석하여 월지와 회합(會合)한 지지(地支)의 종류, 월지의 지장간(地藏干)에서 투간된 천간의 기세(氣勢)와 일간(日干)의 강약(强弱)에 관련되었다는 공통된 결과를 도출했고 그 법칙을 주관적으로 정리했다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 겸격의 혼란을 줄일 수 있는 계기가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권5호
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• pp.951-970
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• 2023

This study utilized Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) - based total mixed ration (TMR) as feedstuff and evaluated its effects on rumen fermentation, growth performance, blood parameters, and bacterial community in growing Hanwoo heifers. Twenty-seven Hanwoo heifers (body weight [BW], 225.11 ± 10.57 kg) were randomly allocated to three experimental diets. Heifers were fed 1 of 3 treatments as follows: TMR with oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay (CON), TMR with 19% of IRGS (L-IRGS), and TMR with 36% of IRGS (H-IRGS). Feeding high levels of IRGS (H-IRGS) and CON TMR to heifers resulted in a greater molar proportion of propionate in the rumen. The impact of different TMR diets on the BW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio of Hanwoo heifers during the growing period did not differ (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the blood metabolites, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, and total cholesterol of the heifers were not affected by the different TMR diets (p > 0.05). In terms of rumen bacterial community composition, 264 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed across the three TMR diets with 240, 239, and 220 OTUs in CON, L-IRGS, and H-IRGS, respectively. IRGS-based diets increased the relative abundances of genera belonging to phylum Bacteroidetes but decreased the abundances of genus belonging to phylum Firmicutes compared with the control. Data showed that Bacteroidetes was the most dominant phylum, while Prevotella ruminicola was the dominant species across the three TMR groups. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus bromii in the rumen increased in heifers fed with high inclusion of IRGS in the TMR (H-IRGS TMR). The relative abundance of R. bromii in the rumen significantly increased when heifers were fed H-IRGS TMR while P. ruminicola increased in both L-IRGS and H-IRGS TMR groups. Results from the current study demonstrate that the inclusion of IRGS in the TMR is comparable with the TMR containing high-quality forage (CON). Thus, a high level of IRGS can be used as a replacement forage ingredient in TMR feeding and had a beneficial effect of possibly modulating the rumen bacterial community toward mainly propionate-producing microorganisms.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.415-424
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• 2023

This study investigated the nutritional characteristics of before and after fermentation of domestic soybean (Glycine max L.) by Rhizopus oligosporus. The soybean storage proteins, β-conglycinin (11S globulin) and glycinin (7S globulin), were the most abundant in Seonyu (SY) and Danbaegkong (DBK), with concentrations of 253.4 mg/g and 193.0 mg/g, respectively. For 11S/7S related to sulfur-containing amino acid, DBK had a value of 0.95, making it the most excellent nutritionally among all the cultivars. The free amino acid content significantly increased from 0.04~10.45 mg/g before fermentation to 1.37~16.95 mg/g after fermentation, and the essential amino acid composition increased, confirming an improvement in protein quality after fermentation. Phytic acid, known as a nutritional inhibitor of soybeans, decreased from 1.66~2.13 g/100 g before fermentation to 0.90~1.58 g/100 g after fermentation, suggesting that mineral absorption inhibition was alleviated. In addition, the trypsin inhibitor content is suppressed by 76.20% to 81.25% after fermentation, which is expected to improve protein utilization in the body. This study confirmed some properties of fermented products by Rhizopus oligosporus using domestic soybeans, and these results are presented to serve as the basic data for establishing new uses of Korean soybean cultivars.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.466-479
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• 2023

Objectives: A mobile health intervention program was provided for employees with overweight and obesity for 12 weeks, and a process evaluation was completed at the end of the program. We investigated participant engagement based on app usage data, and whether engagement was associated with the degree of satisfaction with the program. Methods: The program involved the use of a dietary coaching app and a wearable device for monitoring physical activity and body composition. A total of 235 employees participated in the program. App usage data were collected from a mobile platform, and a questionnaire survey on process evaluation and needs assessment was conducted during the post-test. Results: The engagement level of the participants decreased over time. Participants in their 40s, high school graduates or lower education, and manufacturing workers showed higher engagement than other age groups, college graduates, and office workers, respectively. The overall satisfaction score was 3.6 out of 5. When participants were categorized into three groups according to their engagement level, the upper group was more satisfied than the lower group. A total of 71.5% of participants answered that they wanted to rejoin or recommend the program, and 71.9% answered that the program was helpful in improving their dietary habits. The most helpful components in the program were diet records and a 1:1 chat with the dietary coach from the dietary coaching app. The barriers to improving dietary habits included company dinners, special occasions, lack of time, and eating out. The workplace dietary management programs were recognized as necessary with a need score of 3.9 out of 5. Conclusions: Participants were generally satisfied with the mobile health intervention program, particularly highly engaged participants. Feedback from a dietary coach was an important factor in increasing satisfaction.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.1242-1253
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• 2023

The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using a diet low in lysine content as a means for increasing the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and pork muscle quality of finishing pigs. Thirty-two crossbred gilts and barrows weighing approximately 80 kg were fed either a low-lysine diet (0.60%; Low-lys) or a control diet (0.80% lysine; Med-lys) under a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The animals were slaughtered at a 132-kg body weight (BW) on average, followed by physicochemical analyses and sensory evaluation on Longissimus lumborum (LL) and Semitendinosus (ST) muscles. The average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between the Med-lys and Low-lys groups. However, ADG exhibited a tendency of sex × diet interaction (p = 0.09), being greater for barrows vs. gilts on the Low-lys diet (p < 0.05), but not on the Med-lys diet. Backfat thickness adjusted for 132-kg BW also exhibited the interaction; it was greater for the Low-lys vs. Med-lys group within gilts but tended to be less for the former in barrows (p = 0.08). The IMF content was not influenced by the diet or sex in either LL or ST. The a^*, b^*, and Warner-Bratzler Shear Force values and fatty acid composition were influenced by the sex or diet in either or both of the muscles, but the treatment effects did not apparently influence the meat quality. Sensory scores for the flavor, juiciness, tenderness, umami, and palatability of cooked muscle were not influenced by the diet in either LL or ST. When the LL and ST data were pooled, scores for those sensory attributes were positively correlated with the IMF content, which was associated with overall greater IMF contents and greater sensory scores for ST vs. LL. Collectively, the Low-lysine diet seemingly elicited the intended lysine deficiency in gilts as indicated by the increased BFT due to the diet. However, the Low-lys diet was not effective for increasing the IMF deposition or eating quality of the pork muscle of finishing pigs slaughtered at high BW probably because its lysine content was not low enough to elicit either outcome.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1909-1917
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• 2021

Objective: Muscle quantity and quality can be measured with an automated system on CT. However, the effects of contrast phases on the muscle measurements have not been established, which we aimed to investigate in this study. Materials and Methods: Muscle quantity was measured according to the skeletal muscle area (SMA) measured by a convolutional neural network-based automated system at the L3 level in 89 subjects undergoing multiphasic abdominal CT comprising unenhanced phase, arterial phase, portal venous phase (PVP), or delayed phase imaging. Muscle quality was analyzed using the mean muscle density and the muscle quality map, which comprises normal and low-attenuation muscle areas (NAMA and LAMA, respectively) based on the muscle attenuation threshold. The SMA, mean muscle density, NAMA, and LAMA were compared between PVP and other phases using paired t tests. Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate the inter-phase variability between PVP and other phases. Based on the cutoffs for low muscle quantity and quality, the counts of individuals who scored lower than the cutoff values were compared between PVP and other phases. Results: All indices showed significant differences between PVP and other phases (p < 0.001 for all). The SMA, mean muscle density, and NAMA increased during the later phases, whereas LAMA decreased during the later phases. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean differences between PVP and other phases ranged -2.1 to 0.3 cm² for SMA, -12.0 to 2.6 cm² for NAMA, and -2.2 to 9.9 cm² for LAMA.The number of patients who were categorized as low muscle quantity did not significant differ between PVP and other phases (p ≥ 0.5), whereas the number of patients with low muscle quality significantly differed (p ≤ 0.002). Conclusion: SMA was less affected by the contrast phases. However, the muscle quality measurements changed with the contrast phases to greater extents and would require a standardization of the contrast phase for reliable measurement.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2023

이번 연구에 사용된 쥐노래미는 2020년 3월부터 2021년 2월까지 매월 인천 연안에서 통발과 개량안강망에 의해 어획되어 위판된 376개체를 이용하였으며, 전장(TL: Total length, 0.1 cm)과 체중(BW: Body weight, 0.1 g)을 측정한 뒤, 위를 적출한 후 현미경을 이용하여 위내용물을 가능한 종 수준까지 분석하고, 분류된 먹이생물들은 계수하고 무게를 측정하였다. 위내용물 분석 결과는 상대중요도지수비를 이용하였으며, 시기별 및 크기군에 따른 먹이조성 변화를 알아보았다. 쥐노래미의 가장 중요한 먹이생물은 복족류(Gastropoda)였으며, 그 다음으로 중요한 먹이생물은 어류(Teleostei)였다. 그 밖에 단각류(Amphipoda), 집게류(Anomura), 이매패류(Bivalvia) 등이 출현하였으나, 0.9% 이하의 상대중요도지수비를 보여 그 값은 매우 낮았다. 시기별 위 내용물 조성을 분석한 결과, 춘계는 두족류, 하계는 갯지렁이류, 추계는 어류, 동계는 복족류가 중요한 먹이생물로 나타났다. 크기군별 위내용물 조성을 알아본 결과, <25.0 cm, 25.0~30.0 cm 크기군에서는 어류가 우점한 먹이생물이었고, 30.0~35.0 cm, ≥35.0 cm 크기군에서는 복족류가 중요한 먹이생물로 나타났다. 쥐노래미는 어류를 주로 섭식하며 큰 크기군으로 갈수록 어류의 비율은 감소하고 복족류의 비율이 점차 증가하는 양상을 보였지만, 크기군별 쥐노래미의 개체당 평균 먹이생물 개체수와 습중량은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2021

Objective: Muscle depletion in patients undergoing liver transplantation affects the recipients' prognosis and therefore cannot be overlooked. We aimed to evaluate whether changes in muscle and fat mass during the preoperative period are associated with prognosis after deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). Materials and Methods: This study included 72 patients who underwent DDLT and serial computed tomography (CT) scans. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) and fat mass index (FMI) were calculated using the muscle and fat area in CT performed 1 year prior to surgery (1 yr Pre-LT), just before surgery (Pre-LT), and after transplantation (Post-LT). Simple aspects of serial changes in muscle and fat mass were analyzed during three measurement time points. The rate of preoperative changes in body composition parameters were calculated (preoperative ΔSMI [%] = [SMI at Pre-LT - SMI at 1 yr Pre-LT] / SMI at Pre-LT x 100; preoperative ΔFMI [%] = [FMI at Pre-LT - FMI at 1 yr Pre-LT] / FMI at Pre-LT x 100) and assessed for correlation with patient survival. Results: SMI significantly decreased during the preoperative period (mean preoperative ΔSMI, -13.04%, p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, preoperative ΔSMI (p = 0.016) and model for end-stage liver disease score (p = 0.011) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. The mean survival time for patients with a threshold decrease in the preoperative ΔSMI (≤ -30%) was significantly shorter than for other patients (p = 0.007). Preoperative ΔFMI was not a prognostic factor but FMI increased during the postoperative period (p = 0.009) in all patients. Conclusion: A large reduction in preoperative SMI was significantly associated with reduced survival after DDLT. Therefore, changes in muscle mass during the preoperative period can be considered as a prognostic factor for survival after DDLT.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2024

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of feeding frequency on a sow's reproductive performance and stress response during gestation. A total of twenty multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were used in a completely randomized design based on their parity, body weight (BW), and backfat thickness (BFT), and the sows were allotted to two different feeding systems: 1) once daily feeding (OF) and 2) twice daily feeding (TF) in corn-soybean meal based diets. The gestation diet was formulated to contain 3,265 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME) / kg, 12.90% of crude protein (CP), and 0.75 % of total lysine. The lactation diet was formulated to contain 3,265 kcal of ME / kg, 16.80% of CP, and 1.08% of total lysine and provided ad libitum during lactation. In gestation, sow BFT and BF changes were not affected by feeding frequency, but higher BW and BW gain from day 35 to 90 and day 35 to 110 were observed in OF sow (p < 0.10). In lactation, feeding frequency did not influence on BW, BW gain, BFT, BF changes, average daily feed intake, and wean-to-estrus interval. Also, there were no differences in litter size, litter weight and piglet weight in lactating sows. OF sows had higher (p < 0.05; p < 0.10) protein, solid-not-fat, and total solid concentrations in colostrum compared to TF sows, while OF sows had a lower (p < 0.05) lactose concentration in colostrum compared to TF sows. Sows in OF showed significantly lower average daily water consumption (ADWC) from day 35 to 110 of gestation (p < 0.05). While there were no significant differences in stereotypic behaviors and salivary cortisol levels during gestation between treatments, the OF sows showed less time spending on the activity at day 105 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, reduced feeding frequency increased BW gain during gestation, decreased activation time, and changed the colostrum composition. This information may contribute to the understanding of the physiological and behavioral change of gestating sows by manipulating feeding frequency.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.92-98
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• 2024

본 연구는 수입산 알팔파와 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파를 이용한 TMR의 혼합 급여가 착유우의 우유 생산량, 유질 및 반추 시간 비교 분석 등을 통해 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파의 사료가치 평가를 수행하였다. 두 종류의 알팔파 내 TDN, NE_L 및 체중은 차이를 보이지 않았고, 사료 섭취량은 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파의 TMR 혼합 급여구에서 높았으며, 반추 활동 시간은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 우유생산량, 유지방과 유단백질 함량, FPCM, FE 및 SCC는 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 유지방 생산량과 lactose 함량은 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파 TMR 혼합 급여구에서 높았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 이용된 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파와 TMR의 혼합 급여는 착유우의 사료 섭취량, 반추 활동 및 생산성에 차이를 보이지 않았으므로, 열풍 건조 국내산 알팔파를 수입산 알팔파로 대체하여 착유우에게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.