• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.366-375
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• 1996

The effect of carbohydrates, fat and protein consumption on the blood pressure of adolescents was investigated from the cross sectional data. The two major areas of inquiry were : 1)measuring the variation of blood pressure at various levels of macronutient intake. 2)measuring the relative importance between the factor of nutrient intake and physical growth. A total of 726 students(341 boys and 385 girls) in the first grade of middle school in Kangwha country were studied for their dietary consumption and physical growth as well as blood pressure. Multiple regression analysis was used as the analytical method to identify the relative importance between the factors. Besides the macronutrient consumption, other nutrients such as vitamin and mineral intakes were included in the regression model. The results showed a variation of blood pressure by macronutrient intake level was in consistant both in blood pressure and by gender. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased with increasing protein intake for girls(p<0.05). However, it was not observed in the case of boys. The systolic blood pressure of boys showed a tendency to decrease with fat intake increase, while their diastolic blood pressure showed the opposite trend. Results of the regression analysis showed that physical growth was a more influential factor than nutrition on blood pressure for both sexes. This could imply that the dietary hypertension factors observed in adults may not be operative generally in a population with normotensive blood pressure during growth.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.416-428
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of breakfast service on nutritional status, hematological status, and attentiveness of children in low-income families. The subjects were 19 boys and 13 girls between 7 and 11 years old. The subjects were divided into a control group and a breakfast service (BS) group, in which 12 boys and 5 girls received breakfast from February 1 to December 31, 2010. The results can be summarized as follows: intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C in the BS group were significantly higher than those in the control group. In the BS group, the intakes of calcium, folic acid, and vitamin C were lower than 75% of recommended intake levels. There were no significant differences in the total blood protein level and total cholesterol level between the BS group and control group. A blood albumin level was significantly higher in the BS group than in the control group. Systolic blood pressure was higher in the BS group than in the control group, whereas the diastolic blood pressure showed no significant difference between the groups. A dietary attitude score increased according to breakfast service and nutritional education. No significant differences were found in the capacity value and continuity value between the two groups, but the control value was significantly higher in the BS group than in the control group. Therefore, to sustain the effect of breakfast service and improve nutritional status for children skipping breakfast in low-income families, nutrition intervention services, as well as legal and financial support by the government should be provided.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes and blood lipids of middle-aged women according to the obesity index by %Fat. Subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on percentage of body fat (%Fat): normal weight (18% ~ < 28%), overweight (28% ~ < 33%) and obesity (over 33%). Nutrient intakes were evaluated based on questionnaires of 24 hours recall method and blood lipids were analyzed by blood analyzer. The results were as follows. 1) Nutrient intakes were that carbohydrates and fat intakes in obesity group were higher than normal and overweight group but the difference was not significant, and protein intake rate was similar all groups. The intake rate of calcium was higher in normal group than obesity group (p < 0.05), and obesity group ingested under dietary reference intakes. The intake rate of iron was higher in obesity group than normal group (p < 0.05). 2) TG, TC, VLDL and TC/HDL in obesity group were higher than normal group (p < 0.001). The attack rate of coronary heart disease in obesity group is higher than normal group (p < 0.01), LDL, blood glucose and blood pressure in obesity group were higher than normal group (p < 0.01), and HDL was a little higher in normal group than obesity group, but the difference was not significant. 3) The correlation of anthropometric measurements, blood glucose, blood lipid, and blood pressure had significant results. Weight was associated positive level with blood glucose, blood lipid and blood pressure. Waist and WHR were associated positive level with blood glucose and blood lipid but weren't associated with blood pressure. BMI was associated positive level with blood glucose, blood lipid and blood pressure, %Fat was associated positive level with blood lipid and blood pressure, but wasn't associated with blood glucose. These results suggest that the decrease of waist on blood glucose control is better than decrease of % Fat and BMI, the decrease of %Fat and BMI on blood pressure control is better than decrease of waist, and the decrease of %Fat on blood lipid control is better than waist and BMI. The nutritional education for obesity treatment must perform to analyze the blood and assess the obesity degree by %Fat, waist and BMI before nutritional education, so the obesity treatment will be effectively.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2006

We studied the effects of intake of the steamed bean powder(SB) and chungkukjang powder(CK) on blood parameters such as glucose, albumin, GOT, GPT, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total-/HDL-/LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, and blood antioxidant nutrients such as retinol, tocopherols and carotenes in 26 college women. There were 2 groups, one group had 13 participants who consumed 30g SP and second group (13 participants) consumed 30g CK daily for 4 weeks. The study compared before with after SP/CK intake. The average age of the participants was 22.1 years, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of all parameters before the study. The energy intake showed no significant differences between before and after SP/CK intake. C(carbohydrate) propotion was reduced, and P(protein) and F(fat) ratio were increased after 4 week intake of SP/CK. Indices of nutritional quality(INQ) of protein(p<0.01), iron(p<0.05), zinc(p<0.05), vitamin C(p<0.05) were significantly increased after SP intake, and those of protein(p<0.05) and zinc also increased after CK intake. There were no significant differences in TG, total-/HDL-/LDL-cholesterol before and after SP/CK intake. The CK intake group showed the reduction only in retinol level in blood(p<0.05). Some students reported the improvement of the constipation and the regularity of the bowel elemination, and some students experienced the prolongation effects on one's monthly days after SP/CK intake. In this study, we could see the effect of improvement in some nutrients intake, but no effect in blood parameters by SP/CK intake for 4 weeks. That reason might be that the participants were healthy young women, or the trail period was not enough long to change.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.121-125
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• 2005

The present study was carried out to produce the hematological and blood chemical findings after hypophysectomy in rats. Hypophysectomy was performed by the parapharyngeal method and the sham surgery was performed for the control group. Two weeks after the operation, the body weight of the hypophysectomized and control rats was measured daily for 5 days. We deleted the rats the weight gain of which is less than 5 g during 5 days from the hypophysectomy group. The successful operation rate was approximately 40%. In the hypophysectomized and control rats, their blood samples were collected from posterior vena cava after celiotomy under generally anesthesia with ether. Hematological parameters such as erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit level, and platelet count were determined by Animal Blood Counter. The erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit level were lower significantly (p<0.01), and the leukocyte count was lower significantly (p<0.05) in hypophysectomy group compared with control group. But the plate count did not show significant difference (p>0.05) between hypophysectomy group and control group. Also, blood chemical parameters such as glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate animotransferase, albumin, total protein, cholesterol, calcium, and magnesium in serum were determined. Except BUN concentration, all parameters were not affected by hypophysectomy. But the BUN concentration was higher significantly (p<0.01) in hypophysectomy group compared with control group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 1986

It is now generally accepted that individuals at increased risk for cardiovascular disease may be identified by certain traits or habbits. The factors such as high blood pressure, elevated blood cholestrol, age, sex and obesity are associated with increseaed frequency of disease. The blood cholesterol level lowering will decrease cardiovascular disease risk. The regression of atherosclerosis can be achieved by lowering the level of circulating cholesterol. Those things are connected with the quantity and quality of protein, fats, carbohydrates, especially soluble and non-soluble fiber, magnesium and calcium. The lipoprotein and lipid metabolism are connected with the lipid transport. The factors on lipid absorption and blood serum lipid pattern of human are exist. The factors have a variety of materials with different chemical and physical properties. The soluble fiber diet make a low blood and liver lipids. Many kind of soluble fiber results in a lowering of blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The cholesterol lowering effects of dietery fiber may be a results of alterations of in intestinal handling of fats, hepatic metabolism of fatty acid or triglyceride acid metabolism of lipoprotein. It is investigated that the high density lipoprotein (HDL) is inversely related to coronary artery disease. It has been postulated that HDL may be an important factor in cholesterol efflux from the tissues, therby reducing the amount of cholesterol deposited there. Alternatively, the HDL may pick up cholestyl ester and phospholipid during normal VLDL lipolysis in the plasma. The HDL levels are relatively insensitive to diet. At present time, the cause-and -diet effect of HDL's inverse relation to CHD remains unclear.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.57-68
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• 1986

The present survey was designed to investigate correlations among blood pressure, nutritional intakes, and various environmental factors in Korean adult males, and to observe the difference in dietary intakes between hypertensive patients and normotensive subjects. Two hundred forty-three adult men from Seoul and rural areas were interviewed about their food intakes, dietary patterns, food habits, and general environmental factors from December 20, 1982 to February 15, 1983. Their dietary intakes were surveyed by means of 24-hour recall diet method. Dietary score card was used in order to evaluate the quality of routine diet of the subject. Variables of environmental factors and factors related to hypertension were expressed as percentage, and the differences in nutrient intake and food score of each sub-group were examined by means of t-test. Correlation of all the variables were analyzed by Pearsons Correlation Coefficient. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. 38% of the subjects were between the ages of 40~49, and about one-half of the subjects were middle or high school graduates. 28% of the subjects earned 210, 000~350, 000 Won per month, and income distribution was almost identical to that of the urban population of Korea. 2. There was more overweight or obese found in the hypertensive patients than in the normotensive subjects. About 40% of the hypertensive patients reported a family history of hypertension, and their knowledge about hypertension was rather poor, but slightly better than the normotensive subjects. The patient group had less adherence to smoking and alcohol compared with the normotensive subjects, but no difference was observed in coffee drinking. The mean value of the blood pressure for the normotensive subjects was 127/86mmHg and 175/109mmHg for the hypertensive group. 3. Nutrient intake for the hypertensive group was lower for most of nutrients than in the healthy group. Hypertensive patients on diet therapy consumed less calories and carbohydrates compared with those who do not follow diet therapy. 4. There was no difference intake of these food groups between patients and the healthy group. Food score was strongly related to consumption of animal protein, saturated fats, Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, and Vitamin C, which are prone to be deficient in the typical Korean diet. 5. Blood pressure had a strong positive correlation with age, body weight, and socioeconomic level. In addition, monthly income was positively related with age and education level. 6. Three was a positive relationship between blood pressure and consumption of vegetable protein, and a negative relationship with consumption of Calories, Carbohydrates, Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, Niacin, and Vitamin C. Animal protein intake increased as income and education levels increased, but this tendency was opposite for carbohydrates. In summary, nutritional intakes are strongly correlated with various environmental factors and the level of blood pressure. There was no difference between normotensive and hypertensive subjects with respect to the quality of food consumed except restricting energy and carbohydrate in the patient group.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1307-1313
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• 2024

This study investigates whether red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) bark extract (PBE) can alleviate diabetes and abnormal apoptosis signaling pathways in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Two dosages of PBE (15 and 30 mg/kg of body weight/day) were administered orally to STZ-induced diabetic SD rats for 20 days. Blood glucose level and body weight were measured once per week. After 20 days of oral administration of PBE, the rat hippocampus was collected, and the production of Akt, p-Akt, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, tau, p-tau, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins were determined by western blot analysis. A decrease in blood glucose level and recovery of body weight were observed in PBE-treated diabetic rats. In the Akt/GSK-3β/tau signaling pathway, PBE inhibited diabetes-induced Akt inactivation, GSK-3β inactivation, and tau hyperphosphorylation. The protein production ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was restored to the control group level. These results suggest that PBE, rich in phenolic compounds, can be used as a functional food ingredient to ameliorate neuronal apoptosis in diabetes mellitus.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1267-1278
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• 2009

Three beef steers fitted with permanent cannulae in the rumen and duodenum were used to determine the effects of protein supply from soyhulls (SH) and wheat bran (WB) on ruminal metabolism, blood metabolites, nitrogen metabolism, nutrient digestion and concentrations of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD). In a 3${\times}$3 Latin square design, steers were offered rice straw and concentrates formulated either without (control) or with two brans to increase crude protein (CP) level (9 vs. 11% dietary DM for control and bran-based diets, respectively). The brans used were SH and WB that had similar CP contents but different ruminal CP degradability (52 vs. 80% CP for SH and WB, respectively) for evaluating the effects of protein degradability. Ruminal ammonia concentrations were higher for bran diets (p<0.01) than for the control, and for WB (p<0.001) compared to the SH diet. Similarly, microbial nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen were significantly increased (p<0.05) by bran and WB diets, respectively. Retained nitrogen tended (p<0.082) to be increased by SH compared with the WB diet. Intestinal and total tract CP digestion was enhanced by bran diets. In addition, bran diets tended (p<0.085) to increase intestinal starch digestion. Concentrations of SNAN fractions in RD and OD were higher (p<0.05) for bran diets than for the control, and for WB than for the SH diet. More rumendegraded protein supply resulting from a higher level and degradability of CP released from SH and WB enhanced ruminal microbial nitrogen synthesis and ruminal protein degradation. Thus, free amino acids, peptides and soluble proteins from microbial cells as well as degraded dietary protein may have contributed to increased SNAN concentrations in the rumen and, consequently, the omasum. These results indicate that protein supply from SH and WB, having a low level of protein (13 and 16%, respectively), could affect ruminal metabolism and nutrient digestion if inclusion level is relatively high (>20%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.1643-1653
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• 2018

Objective: This study investigated the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) supplementation on nutrient intake, nitrogen (N) utilisation, blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation and growth performance of young Holstein bulls. Methods: Twenty-one young bulls weighing $277{\pm}11.2kg$ were equally divided into three groups and were offered diets formulated with low CP (LCP; 10.21% CP and 4.22% rumen degradable protein [RDP]), medium CP (MCP; 12.35% CP and 5.17% RDP) and high CP (HCP; 14.24% CP and 6.03% RDP). Yellow corn silage was used as a unique forage source and was mixed with concentrate. This mixed feed was given ad libitum to the young bulls included in the study. Results: Results showed that CP intake, blood urea nitrogen, N intake, total N excretion and N balance increased linearly with an increase in dietary CP level (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in nutrient digestibility among the bulls receiving the different diets. Ruminal pH (p<0.05) and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) concentration (p<0.01) were significantly higher in the bulls receiving the MCP and HCP diets than in those receiving the LCP diet. The bulls receiving the HCP diet showed significantly higher ruminal bacterial protein level, propionate, acetate and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations than bulls receiving the LCP diet (p<0.05). Moreover, dietary CP level exerted a significant positive effect on the final body weight, average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio of the bulls (p<0.05). Conclusion: High dietary CP level is optimal for achieving maximum growth and high profitability without exerting a negative effect on the physiology of growing Holstein bulls.