• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2001

A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the nutritional status of Korean male lead workers and to assess the relationship between calcium nutritional status and blood lead levels. A flood consumption survey was conducted by the 24-hr recall method with 118 lead workers and 63 non-lead exposed controls. Blood lead levels were analyzed from whole blood and serum calcium concentrations were also assessed. Results of dietary analysis showed Korean lead workers consumed relatively sufficient nutrients (more than 75% of RDA) except, calcium. Mean dietary calcium intake of lead workers was 502.2mg(72% of RDA) while that of the non-lead workers was estimated as 600.8mg(86% of RDA). Intakes of protein, iron, niacin and vitamin C of lead workers were significantly lower than those of non-lead workers. There was a wide range of blood lead levels(5.5 to 73.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗) observed while mean blood lead level of lead workers was 30.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗. However, 98% of lead workers showed normal serum ca1cium concentrations (range ; 8.9 to 10.7mg/㎗, mean ; 9.77mg/㎗) while 66% of lead workers were estimated to intake a dietary calcium lower than 75% of RDA. Mean blood lead levels of non-1ead workers were significantly lower(mean ; 5.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, p ＜ 0.001) and the serum calcium concentration was significantly higher(mean ; 10.20mg/㎗, p ＜ 0.001) than lead workers. Results of unadjusted correlation showed that serum calcium level and dietary calcium intake were negatively correlated with blood lead concentration. In a multiple regression of blood lead levels with variables known as affecting blood lead 1eve1 such as age, body mass index and occupational lead exposure, serum calcium was insignificant while dietary calcium intake showed statistically significant(p ＜ 0.05) relation. Since calcium is a very important nutrient to reduce hazardous effects of lead, it should be strongly recommended that lead workers need to increase dietary calcium intake.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 1997

In order to investigate the dietary intakes and physical characteristics in college women smokers, interviews using questionnaires were done on 33 smokers and 42 nonsmokers residing in seoul area. General living habits, dietary habits, food consumption frequency and nutrient intake by quick estimation were investigated through direct interviews with subjects. Subjects height, weight and blood pressure were measured, and body fat percentage were statistically analyzed using Bio-electrical Impedence Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program ; percentage or mean and standard error were examined for each item, and the significant difference was evaluated by chi-square test or Student's t-test at $\alpha$=0.05. In the analysis of taste and food preference, smokers consumed larger amount of alcohol and coffee than nonsmokers ; they also disliked sweet taste. The results of food consumption frequency data also showed that smokers consumed less fish, milk and fruits but consumed more instant foods than nonsmokers. As a result of anthropometric measurements, height, age, and 패요 fat percentage showed no difference, but there was a significant difference in weight, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Energy intake in nonsmokers was 1640 ㎉/day(CHO : Pro : Fat=66.0 : 14.7 : 19.3), in smokers. Intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and niacin in smokers were not significantly different from those of nonsmokers.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.361-383
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• 1987

This thesis was designed to find out whether the cadmium content of hair in living animals reflects the status of cadmium accumulation in internal organs or muscles so that this status can be used as a diagnostic method. Forty-five rats were divided into 4 experimental groups and one control group. The control group received a basal diet which contained zinc $100{\mu}g/g$, iron $80{\mu}g/g$ and copper $135{\mu}g/g$. The experimental group received experimental diets sllpplemented with 1, 10, 100 or $1,000{\mu}g/g$ cadmium as cadmium sulfate. Rats were dissected on the 28th or 56th day of experimental periods and tissues, blood and hair samples were taken, dried and burned to ash and analysed. The cadmium, iron zinc and copper concentrations were measured with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In addition feed efficiency and hematological changes were observed. The results obtained can be summerized as follows: A marked decrease in feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency were observed from 1 or 2 weeks of experimental periods, which was in accordance with the dosage and periods. The cadmium contents of kidney, liver, spleen and muscle were significantly increased in all experimental rats; the accumulation was marked in kidney and liver tissues. It was shown that the cadmium contents of hair reflects the cadmium accumulation in internal organs and muscle; the higher the cadmium levels of diet and of rat tissues, the higher the cadmium content of hair. In the $100{\mu}g/g$ group of rats erythrocyte counts and. hemoglobin concentrations were decreased. A significant(p<0.01, p<0.05) increase in iron contents of kidney, liver and muscle was observed in 10, 100, $1,000{\mu}g/g$ groups of rats on the 28th day of experiment. A significant (p<0.01, p<0.05) increase in zinc contents of kidney, liver and muscle was observed in all experimental rats. On the other hand, serum zinc concentration was decreased. A significant(p<0.01) increase in copper contents in the liver was observed on the 28th day in $100{\mu}g/g$ and $1,000{\mu}g/g$ groups of rats. From these results it may be concluded that the analysis of hair for cadmium is a useful diagnostic approach for the cadmium status of internal organs and muscle in living animals.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2005

This study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metals including lead, cadmium, zinc, copper as well as iron status(serum iron, total iron binding capacity, feritin etc)in blood samples of middle school students(n=300). The contents of heavy metals were determined using the GF-AAS (Graphite furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). The microwave digestion method and dilution method were compared. The dilution method showed the better recovery and detection limit than microwave digestion method. The values of toxic metals in whloe blood of boys & girls were 3.46 & 3.05 for Pb,0.063 & 0.065 for Cd respectively (ug/dL). Also the values of trace metals in serum of boys & girls were 105.9 & 92.6 for Zn, 98.3 & 99.0 for Cu respectively (ug/dL). The prevalence of iron deficiency was $7.5\%$ in 146 boys and $14.3\%$ in 156 girls. The mean values of lead in girls were higher in iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia and anemia groups than normal group. The mean values of lead and zinc were higher in boys compared to those in girls(P<0.05), the mean values of cadmium and copper in boys were similar to those in girls. Our results of toxic metals such as Pb & Cd showed lower to CDC's(Centers for Disease Control) blood lead levels of concern for children, 10 ug/dL.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.161-175
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• 2007

It is important for young adults to establish good dietary behavior for healthy life. The prevalence of obesity in college students has increased gradually. The obesity is one of the most prevalent health problems in S. Korea. Moreover, obesity is closely related with the disease such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate health practice, serum components and nutrient intake of the college students according to Body Mass Index (BMI) level. 400 male and female freshmen students in 4 year university located near to Seoul metropolitan area were surveyed respectively through the health check-up procedure for college entrance in February. Survey was carried out for them by questionnaires, including a 24-hour dietary recall and anthropometric measurements. Blood samples were obtained while fasting. Nutrient intake was expressed by DDS(Dietary Diversity Score by 5 food groups) and DVS(Dietary Variety Score). Nutrition level was analyzed by Can-Pro (Korea Nutrition Association). And for the quantity intake, percentage ratio against daily requirement(by KDRIs) and MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) were calculated. Underweight group($BMI<18.5kg/m^2$), normal weight group($18.5) and overweight group($BMI<23.0 kg/m^2$) were 18.5%, 61.2% and 19.3% respectively. Nutrient intake levels and food intake status were not significantly different among three groups. The mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) was not significantly different by BMI status. Nutrient intakes of calcium, iron, and riboflavin were especially low for all the students. Overweight group showed high blood pressure(120.9/79.3 mmHg) compared with the underweight group (116.4/ 75.8mmHg) but the difference was not significant. The serum triglyceride level in overweight group (94,0mg%) was higher than that in normal (70.9mg%) or underweight group(70.8mg%)(p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level in overweight (43.8 mg%) group was not significantly different from that in underweight group (45.9mg%). BMI was positively correlated with blood pressure, hemoglobin, and the intake of total fat and cholesterol. But it was negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol level. With these results overweight group is closely related with the cardiovascular disease risks, such as high blood pressure and high triglycerides and cholesterol. Thus, a health intervention program including weight control is required for young adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.624-640
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• 2006

Dialysis patients are at risk of malnutrition not only because of losses of nutrients during peritoneal dialysis but also because of anorexia that results in inadequate nutrient intakes. The aim of this study was to estimate the nutritional status of 154 patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), especially focused on protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin and mineral status. The mean age of the subjects was $5.12\;{\pm}\;12.4\;y$ with educational years of $12.3\;{\pm}\;0.4\;y$ for male and $9.6\;{\pm}\;0.4\;y$ for female. The mean duration of dialysis was $22.7\;{\pm}\;21.7\;mo$. The causes of renal failure included diabetes (32.7), chronic glomerulonephritis (15.0%), and hypertension (8.5%). The main complications associated with chronic renal failure were hypertension (86.1%), diabetes (35.4%) and liver disease (9.0%). The mean daily energy intake was $1216.8\;{\pm}\;457.3\;kcal$ and increased to $1509.2\;{\pm}\;457.2\;kcal$ when added with the energy from dextrose in dialysate. The latter was still much lower than estimated energy requirement but energy intake per kg of body weight (28.1 kcal/1 g) was within the range of that recommended for CAPD patients' diet therapy (25 - 30 kcal/kg). The average daily intake of protein was $49.2\;{\pm}\;25.1\;g$ with 37.6% of the patients showing their intakes less than Estimated Average Requirement. The average protein intake per kg of weight was 0.9 g/kg, which is less than that recommended for CAPD patients (1.2-1.5g/kg) with mean serum albumin level $3.2\;{\pm}\;0.5\;g/dl$. The proportion of the patients with dietary calcium intake less than EAR was 90.9%, but when added with supplementary calcium (phosphorus binder), most patients showed their total calcium intake between EAR and UL. Fifty percent of the patients were observed with dietary iron intake less than EAR, however most patients revealed their total iron intake with supplementation above UL. The addition of folic acid with supplementation increased mean total folic intake to $1126.0\;{\pm}\;152.4\;{\mu}g$ and ninety eight percent of the subjects showed their total folic acid intake above UL. The prevalence of anemia was 83.1 % assessed with hemoglobin level, even with high intakes of iron with supplementation. Thirty four percent of the patients showed their fasting blood glucose was not under control $(\geq\;126\;mg/dl)$ even with medication or insulin probably due to dextrose from dialysate. The mean blood lipid levels were within the reference levels of hyperlipidemia, but with 72.1 % of the patients showing lower HDL-C. In conclusion, Fairly large proportion of the patients were observed with protein malnutrition with low intake of protein and serum albumin level. Few patients showed their vitamins and minerals intake less than EAR with supplementation. For iron and folic acid, their intakes were increased to above UL for large proportion of he patients. However, more than eighty percent of the patients were still anemic associated with decreased renal function. The serum blood glucose and lipid level were not under control for some patients with medication. It seems that supplementation and medications that patients are taking should be considered for dietary consulting of CAPD patients.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to study the intake of heavy metals such af arsenic, lead and cobalt and the relationship of dietary heavy metals with serum iron, topper, and zinc, which play important roles in hematopoiesis, in healthy college women living in Choongnam Korea, where we have detected heavy metals (As, Pb, Co) in some marine products in previous studies. The nutritional status of the subjects (35 women) was evaluated by anthropometric measurements, 24-hr dietary recall for 3 days. And 3-day diets (by weighing method) and blood were collected to analyze As, Pb, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hb, Hct, and MCHC. The mean age, height, weight, and BMI were 20 years, 158 cm, 55 kg and 22.42 kg/$m^2$, respectively. The mean daily energy intake was 85.85% of RDA for Koreans. The ratio of energy from carbohydrate, protein, and fat was 60 : 24 : 16. The mean daily intake of heavy metals (As, Pb, Co) was 1.77 mg/day, 75.21 $\mu$g/day and 21.12 $\mu$g/day. And the mean daily intake of iron, copper, and Zinc concentrations were 97, 68, and 92% of normal values. The mean serum heavy metals (As, Pb, Co) were 16.14 $\mu$g/dl, 4.32 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 0.02 $\mu$g/dr, respectively Mean blood levels of Fe, Cu, Zn, Hb, Hct, and MCHC were at normal levels. Dietary heavy metals except Co were not significantly different from serum Fe, Cu, Zn and Hb, Hct, and MCHC. However, there was a tendency toward lower serum concentration of Fe, Hb, Hct, and MCHC in the subjects with higher heavy metals (As) intake. Among heavy metals, only dietary Co showed a significant negative correlation with Hb (p< 0.001) and Hct (p < 0.001).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1422-1432
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• 1998

This study investigated the nutritional status of 32 CAPD patients. Their weight, height, triceps, mid arm circumference were measured and their dietary intake and the blood profiles were evaluated. They were 56.0${\pm}$11.8 years old. Their intake of energy and protein were 78% and 93% of RDA respectively. The energy from dextrose was 376.1${\pm}$83.2kcal. The men's and women's intake of protein was 84.6% and 102.1% of RDA respectively, According to the distribution of BMI, 23.5% of the men and 6.1% of the women were underweight and 5.9% of the men and 20% of the women were overweight. The serum albumin levels of the men and women were 3.30 and 3.71g/41 respectively. However, the average amount of serum ferritin, as a whole, comes within the normal range, which shows that stored iron was not decreased and that their anemia was not caused by iron deficiency. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the level of albumin, and their intakes of nutrients were compared with one another, The group with the high level of albumin showed that energy and protein intake was significantly larger and that BMI was also significantly higher than the other groups. There was a positive correlation between BMI and energy intake. Serum total protein had a positive correlation to energy intake ; hematocrit, to carbohydrate intake. BMI had a positive correlation to energy intake. A relative magnitude of factors affecting albumin level was analyzed by Stepwise multiple regression analysis. Overall results about relative influence of independent variables to dependent variable(albumin) indicated that the blood total protein(p <0.0001) was the most significantly correlated with serum albumin level in all subjects,1311owe4 by creatinine and total cholesterol. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1422-1432, 1998)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 1985

This study was designed to investigate the nutritional anemic state and hematological findings of children, aged 11 and 12 years, living in Haenam Koon (living at home) and in Mokpo City (living in an orphan asylum) located in Chonnam. The mean red blood cell number of male was higher than female in both groups of living in the rural area and in the city orphan asylum (p<0.01), but the white blood cell count was not significantly different. The levels of average hemoglobin, hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration of the children in both groups were similar, and 19.8% of children living at home in the rural area and 32.1% of children living in the city orphan asylum were anemic. The mean levels of serum total protein, albumin and A/G ratio in children of both group were not statistically different, and 18.4% of children living at home in the rural area and 13.2% of children living in the city orphan asylum were insufficient in the serum total protein value. The average serum cholesterol level of children living at home in the rural area was higher than that of children living in the city orphan asylum(p<0.01), and that of female living at home was higher than that of male (p<0.05). The mean levels of serum iron, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation of children living at home in the rural area were significantly higher than those of children living in the city orphan asylum (p<0.01).

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.311-327
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• 2009

This study was performed to determine the health and nutritional risk factors associated with hypertension in Koreans over the age of 50 in a high-income class (more than twice as much family income as the 2005 Korean minimum cost of living, 668,540 Won). A total of 505 subjects aged over 50 from the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were divided into two groups: A hypertension group (HG) (N=151, Systolic Blood Pressure ${\geq}$140 mmHg or Diastolic Blood Pressure ${\geq}$90 mmHg) and normal group (NG) (N=354). Subjects who took hypertension medicines or underwent diet therapy were excluded. In HG, mean daily alcohol intake and the amount of alcohol consumption per one occasion were significantly higher than in NG, respectively. A greater number of hypertension subjects answered that they drank alcohol to reduce stress as compared to normal subjects. HG also took fewer dietary supplements than NG. Mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting blood sugar level, and 2 hour postprandial blood sugar following a glucose load were significantly higher in HG than in NG, respectively. Also, iron, thiamin, and niacin intakes and the consumption frequency of seaweeds were significantly lower in HG than in NG, respectively. Finally, obesity (BMI ${\geq}$25 $kg/m^2$), abdominal obesity (waist circumference ${\geq}$90 cm for males, ${\geq}$ 80 cm for females), high blood sugar level 2 hours after an oral glucose load (${\geq}$140~200 mg/dl), and hypertriglyceridemia (serum TG ${\geq}$200 mg/dl) were related to a significantly higher risk of hypertension in the subjects (odds ratio: 1.884~3.040). In conclusion, dietary factors such as higher alcohol consumption; lower intakes of iron, thiamin, and niacin; lower consumption frequency of seaweeds; and metabolic syndrome were associated with hypertension in the study subjects.