• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.525-530
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• 2017

Weaning is the most stressful event for nursery pigs because they are moved from familiar to unfamiliar environments. In addition, weaned pigs have immature digestive and immune systems. This situation makes weaned pigs susceptible to diseases and makes the absorption of nutrients from diets difficult. A feed approach, such as dietary enzyme supplementation, can be considered a solution. This study investigated the effects of dietary enzyme cocktail on diarrhea and immune responses of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.05% enzyme cocktail (Cocktail; combination of xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Incidence of diarrhea, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC) count, and immunoglobulin content were measured. A significantly lower incidence of diarrhea (p < 0.05) was observed in the Cocktail group as compared with the CON group. The Cocktail group also showed a decreased PCV (p < 0.1) on d 3 after weaning than the CON group. However, no differences were observed for number of WBC and contents of immunoglobulin G, M, and A between the Cocktail and CON groups. Consequently, inclusion of an enzyme cocktail in diets for weaned pigs had a positive influence on gut health by reducing the incidence of diarrhea in the present study.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.513-518
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• 2017

Soybean, one of most widely used swine feed component in the world, contains non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The digestive system of weaned pigs is not yet fully developed, and thus weaned pigs cannot easily digest diets based on corn and soybean meal. Dietary exogenous enzymes supplementation has been intensively investigated to assist digestion of anti-nutritional factors, such as NSP. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary enzyme cocktail on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.05% enzyme cocktail (Cocktail; mixture of xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Growth performance, morphology of ileum, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, crude protein, and energy of weaned pigs were measured. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for growth performance for the duration of the experimental period, and morphology of ileum, and nutrient digestibility between CON and Cocktail treatment groups. Therefore, the results from the current study indicated that enzyme cocktail supplementation in diets had no influence on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2013

Purpose: Implant stability at the time of surgery is crucial for the long-term success of dental implants. Primary stability is considered of paramount importance to achieve osseointegration. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between the insertion torque and primary stability of dental implants using artificial bone blocks with different bone densities and compositions to mimic different circumstances that are encountered in routine daily clinical settings. Methods: In order to validate the objectives, various sized holes were made in bone blocks with different bone densities (#10, #20, #30, #40, and #50) using a surgical drill and insertion torque together with implant stability quotient (ISQ) values that were measured using the Osstell Mentor. The experimental groups under evaluation were subdivided into 5 subgroups according to the circumstances. Results: In group 1, the mean insertion torque and ISQ values increased as the density of the bone blocks increased. For group 2, the mean insertion torque values decreased as the final drill size expanded, but this was not the case for the ISQ values. The mean insertion torque values in group 3 increased with the thickness of the cortical bone, and the same was true for the ISQ values. For group 4, the mean insertion torque values increased as the cancellous bone density increased, but the correlation with the ISQ values was weak. Finally, in group 5, the mean insertion torque decreased as the final drill size increased, but the correlation with the ISQ value was weak. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that primary stability does not simply depend on the insertion torque, but also on the bone quality.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

우리나라의 비육돈 성장단계별 돈사의 소요면적이 제주환경에서 적합성 여부를 검토하기 위해 시험이 성장 3단계별로 수행되었고 우리나라에서 추천된 육성돈 돈사의 바닥소요면적 $0.56m^2$을 중간 수준으로 하며 저 및 고밀도 3수준 4반복 난괴법으로 처리하여 일일증체량 및 육질 등을 조사 분석하였다. 성장단계 1(체중 $43{\sim}65kg$ 범위)에서 중 밀도 구(돈사바닥 소요 면적, $0.56m^2/pig$)의 일일증체량은 저나 고 밀도 구 보다 유의적 증가를 보였다(P<0.05). 그러나 성장단계 2(체중$65{\sim}91kg$ 범위)와 3(체중 $91{\sim}105kg$ 범위)에서는 일일 증체량이 처리간 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 마지막 도살시 도체중이나 등 지방 두께는 저밀도구가 중이나 고밀도구 보다 높았다. 최종 육질 등급도 저밀도구에서 높은 추세였다. 결론적으로 볼 때 육성초기(체중 $43{\sim}65kg$ 범위)에는 중간 사육밀도가 다른 두 처리 보다 높은 일당증체량을 보였으나 그 이후는 처리간 사육밀도 차이를 얻지 못 했다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1233-1242
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• 2011

The in vivo digestibility of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) and the effects of the partial replacement of cotton seed with fresh mulberry leaf in rations on the performance of growing Vietnamese cattle was investigated. For the in vivo digestibility trial, twenty castrated rams of Phanrang breed (a local prolific breed) with an initial weight of 23-25 kg, were first assigned to four groups according to weight and then randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to determine digestibility of nutrients in mulberry leaves (M. alba), natural Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and buffalo grass (Panicum maximum cv. TD 58). All forages were cut and chopped daily before being offered (at 120% maintenance) to the sheep. In the feeding trial, 20 Laisind (Vietnam yellow cows${\times}$Red Sindhy bulls) crossbred bulls averaged 18 month old and 184 kg were used to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cottonseed in the diet by mulberry leaves on live weight gain and feed conversion rate. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four levels of fresh mulberry leaves which varied from 0 to 15% of total dietary dry mater and five animals per treatment over an 84 day period. The in vivo digestion trial showed the superior quality of mulberry leaves compared with the grasses. Chemical analysis indicated that mulberry leaves had the highest CP and the lowest NDF contents (22.3 and 31.1% DM, respectively) among the four forages tested. Digestibility of DM and OM of the mulberry leaf (66.4 and 71.8%, respectively) was also the highest but that of CP (58.2%) and NDF (58.4%) was the lowest of the four forages evaluated (p<0.05). Consequently, the ME value and therefore net energy (NE) and unit feed for lactation (UFL) values of the mulberry leaves, which was estimated from chemical composition and digestibility values, were the highest among the forages investigated in the present study. Results of the feeding trial showed no treatment effect on average daily gain (ADG) of the cattle. The values were 554, 583, 565 and 568 g/d for animals in the diets of 0, 5, 10, and 15% mulberry leaves inclusion, respectively. Total DM intake of the animal was not affected by the treatment when expressed as kg/animal/d. However, when adjusted for metabolic weight of the animal the DM intake was reduced (p<0.05) as whole cottonseed was replaced by mulberry leaves in the ration. When the level of mulberry leaves in the ration increased from 5 to 15% of dietary DM at the expense of whole cottonseed, CP and ME intakes of the cattle were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and the feed to gain ratio reduced by 8 to 14% as compared with the control diet (p<0.05). Mulberry leaf is a good feed ingredient for ruminants because of its high level of crude protein and high digestibility of nutrients and energy. Mulberry leaves can be efficiently used as a source of protein supplement to replace cottonseed, a more expensive animal feeds ingredient, in the diet for Vietnamese cattle.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

실시간 전송을 위한 많은 멀티미디어 응용들은 멀티캐스트로 전송하는 것이 효율적이다. 멀티캐스트 전송에서는 전송의 신뢰성을 높이기 위하여 네트워크 상태에 따른 멀티캐스트 그룹관리 방법과 손실된 패킷을 복구하기 위한 방법이 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 대규모 멀티캐스트 그룹에서 손실된 패킷을 효율적으로 복구하기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 제안 방법에서는 손실된 패킷을 복구하기 위하여 멀티캐스트 도메인들을 복구 클러스터(RC:Recovery Cluster, 이하 RC)로 구성하였다. 많은 멀티캐스트 응용에서는 손실된 패킷을 복구하기 위하여 송신자에게 재전송을 요청한다. 이런 방법에서는 재전송에 따른 패킷 지연시간이 증가하고 요청 메시지를 처리하기 위한 오버헤드가 발생한다. 제안방법에서는 이런 문제점을 개선하기 위하여 RC를 이용하였다. RC는 많은 MD로 구성되고, MD에는 오버레이 멀티캐스트 송신자와 클러스터 호스트(CH:Cluster Host, 이하 CH)들이 있다. CH들을 이용한 패킷 복구를 위하여 메시지를 블록으로 분할하고, 하나의 블록을 다시 여러 세그먼트로 분할한다. 패킷 손실이 발생하면 CH들은 실시간으로 정보를 공유하고 세그먼트 정보를 통하여 손실된 세그먼트들을 동시에 복구하도록 한다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 제안방법이 기존방법보다 패킷 복구비율이 약 50% 향상되었음을 보여준다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.553-558
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• 1997

냉동상태로 포장하여 판매되고 있는 생선(대구살)을 대구지역 수퍼마켓에서 구입하여 냉장(R:refrigerating), 냉동(F:freezing), 냉장과 동결을 반복(RFR:repeated freezing and refrigerating)하는 3군으로 나누어 저온저장하면서 저장중의 중온균과 저온세균의 수, free drip량과 pH의 변화를 측정하여 이들의 상관관계를 비교하였다. 저장직전의 해동어육의 생균수는 중온균이 6.5$\times$104, 저온세균이 7.4$\times$103cells/g이었으며 냉장한 시료에서는 저장 8일, 냉장과 동결을 반복한 시료에서는 저장 16일 후에 107cells/g을 초과하여 초기 부패에 도달하였다. 동결시료의 경우에는 46일간의 전 저장기간 동안 저장 28일째에 약 106cells/g으로 생균수가 가장 많았으며 신선한 상태가 유지되었다. 저온저장 중 저장초기에는 중온균의 수가 약간 많았으나 저장기간이 경과하면서 저온세균의 수가 빠르게 증가하여 저장밀기에는 저온세균의 수가 중온균의 수보다 증가하였다. 저장 중 pH의 변화는 생균수의 변화에 비례하여 증가하였으며 r=0.73-0.96의 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 저온저장 중의 drip량은 냉장시료에서 27.06$\pm$9.75, 냉동시료에서 27.56$\pm$8.02%로서 전 저장기간 동안 drip량은 큰 변화가 업이 두 시료간에는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 냉장과 동결을 반복한 시료는 저장기간이 길어질수록 drip량이 증가하는 경향으로서(r=0.84) 전 저장기간 동안의 평균치는 33.97$\pm$10.70%로서 냉장과 냉동시료에 비하여 20%정도 높은 값을 나타내었고 냉장 및 냉동시료와 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2014

분쟁광물이란 특히, 콩고민주공화국(DRC)의 동부지역과 같이 분쟁지역에서 채굴되는 광물에 대하여 부르는 용어이다. 보통 분쟁광물이란 주석, 콜탄(컬럼바이트-탄탈라이트), 중석, 금과 같은 광물로 주로 콩고민주공화국(DRC)의 동부지역에서 채굴되고 있는 광물로서, 이러한 분쟁광물은 여러 가지 전자기기의 제조에 사용되고 있다. 콩고민주공화국(DRC)과 이웃 나라에서 분쟁을 종식시키기 위해 자금원이 되어왔던 분쟁광물의 개발이나 교역의 근원을 차단시키고 분쟁국에 있어서 무장그룹에 의한 분쟁을 억제시킬 필요가 있다. 미국 증권거래위원회(Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC)는 2012년 8월 22일 금융규제개혁법 제 1502조에 근거하는 규칙을 채택하였는데, 이 법에 따라 미국 기업들은 증권거래위원회에 분쟁광물을 이용하여 제품을 생산할 경우 분쟁광물의 원산지에 대한 보고를 하여야 한다. 이 법은 분쟁 광물의 원산지를 추적하여 특히, 분쟁 광물의 자금원이 되고 있는 콩고 민주공화국을 필두로 분쟁국에 있어서의 무장세력의 직 간접 자금원을 끊어 분쟁을 억제하는 것을 그 목적으로 하고 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.241-246
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• 1998

Background: Opioids and local anesthetics have been administered epidurally for the purpose of the postoperative analgesia. However opioids have a serious risk of respiratory depression and local anesthetics have the risks of hypotension, sensory block, or motor one. In recent years, reports of spinal administration of midazolam for acute postoperative pain control have appeared in the literature. This study was performed to observe the effect of epidural midazolam in patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device. Methods: Forty-five patients scheduled for the elective total hysterectomy were randomly selected; epidurally take morphine only (group I, n=15), morphine plus 0.1% bupivacaine (group II, n=15), or morphine plus midazolam (group III, n=15). The visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and with movement, the sedation score, the degree of the satisfaction, the total amounts of a morphine usage, and the incidence of the side effects were observed. Rusults: The VAS at rest of group II and III were decreased significantly than that of group I. The VAS with movement of group III was significantly decreased than that of group I and II. The sadation score and the cumulative dose of a morphine were statistically insignificant within groups. Conclusion: Epidural morphine plus midazolam was proven to be clinically effective in the post-operative pain control especially for the pain with movement, compared with epidural morphine only and morphine plus 0.1% bupivacaine.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.287-295
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• 2017

Background: Recently, the use of ultrasound (US) techniques in regional anesthesia and pain medicine has increased significantly. However, the current extent of training in the use of US-guided pain management procedures in Korea remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to assess the current state of US training provided during Korean Pain Society (KPS) pain fellowship programs through the comparative analysis between training hospitals. Methods: We conducted an anonymous survey of 51 pain physicians who had completed KPS fellowships in 2017. Items pertained to current US practices and education, as well as the types of techniques and amount of experience with US-guided pain management procedures. Responses were compared based on the tier of the training hospital. Results: Among the 51 respondents, 14 received training at first- and second-tier hospitals (Group A), while 37 received training at third-tier hospitals (Group B). The mean total duration of pain training during the 1-year fellowship was 7.4 months in Group A and 8.4 months in Group B. Our analysis revealed that 36% and 40% of respondents in Groups A and B received dedicated US training, respectively. Most respondents underwent US training in patient-care settings under the supervision of attending physicians. Cervical root, stellate ganglion, piriformis, and lumbar plexus blocks were more commonly performed by Group B than by Group A (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Instruction regarding US-guided pain management interventions varied among fellowship training hospitals, highlighting the need for the development of educational standards that mandate a minimum number of US-guided nerve blocks or injections during fellowships in interventional pain management.