• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.6 s.169
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• pp.585-601
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• 2004

A general study of domestic black sandstone and black shale quarries has not been made. For this reason it is difficult to know how the matter really stands. The objectives of this study are to achieve systematical and scientific study of the distribution, occurrences and rock quality of black sandstone and black shale resources exploited in existing quarries in the Boryeong area. The black sandstone bed survey was made from 54 mine claims on 4 sheets. In the area, 140 black sandstone and 22 black shale quarries were ascertained in 37 mine claims. The general development information data from that existing quarries were collected and synthesized. Among these black sandstone quarries for gravestones, monuments and black shale quarries for inkstone are in operation. Most of the black sandstone quarries were closed throughout the Gaewhari, Suburi, Seongjuri district in the investigated area even though these quarries had played a prominent part in the production of black sandstone. In view of commercial dimension stones, raw materials from black sandstone are classified as corestone and fresh rock body according to the characteristics of their occurrences and shape. Black sandstone beds are characteristically well-jointed and are particularly subdivided into cubic or quadrangular blocks in 3 joint sets. The colors of these black sandstones show medium dark $gray\~grayish$ black judging from the Rock Color Chart. The black sandstone beds which are intercalated in the Amisan, Jogeri, Baegunsa, Seongjuri Formations of the Daedong Supergroup are about $1\~10\;m$ in thickness.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.467-480
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• 2020

The failure behavior and tensile strength of sandstone materials under different strain rates are greatly different, especially under static loads and impact loads. In order to clearly investigate the failure mechanism of sandstone materials under static and impact loads, a series of Brazilian disc samples were used by employing green sandstone, red sandstone and black sandstone to carry out static and impact loading splitting tensile tests, and the failure properties subjected to two different loading conditions were analyzed and discussed. Subsequently, the failure behavior of sandstone materials also were simulated by finite element code. The good agreement between simulation results and experimental results can obtain the following significantly conclusions: (1) The relationship of the tensile strength among sandstone materials is that green sandstone < red sandstone < black sandstone, and the variation of the tensile sensitivity of sandstone materials is that green sandstone > red sandstone > black sandstone; (2) The mainly cause for the difference of dynamic tensile strength of sandstone materials is that the strength of crystal particles in sandstone material, and the tensile strength of sandstone is proportional to the fractal dimension; (3) The dynamic failure behavior of sandstone is greatly different from that of static failure behavior, and the dynamic tensile failure rate in dynamic failure behavior is about 54.92%.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

Blackening on stone monuments is serious problem, because it is not only aesthetically unattractive, but also an important process in stone deterioration. Black surface layers contain often a large amounts of iron compound. Therefore it is assumed that besides another elements the iron have influence on blackening of surface. After the samples of black surface layers were collected from the stone monuments (Museumsinsel) in Berlin, Germany, especially in this study has been used Mossbauer spectroscopy in order to determine the valence and chemical composition of iron. Mineralogical and chemical analyses were carried out X-ray diffractormetry and X-ray fluorescence method on the black surface layer's samples and original stone samples. The origin of Iron compound in the black surface provides the important clue for the conservation work of stone monuments, like removing of black surface. To find it, black surface layer on white sandstone -it contains very small amount of iron compound- was compared with that on the red sandstone (Fe contains very small amount of iron compound- was compared with that on the red sandstone (Fe abundant). As a results, it is assumed that the iron in black layer on white sandstone is originated mainly from a surrounding environmental material and for the iron in black layer on the red sandstone is responsible the original stone. Even if black surface layer was removed from the red sandstone, some other conservation method should be studied beyond removing of black surface layer, because the iron can move continuously from the inner zone of original stone to surface area.

• 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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• spring
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• pp.29-37
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• 1998

The sedimentary succession on the northern coast of Jindo and the adjacent area comprises the thinly bedded, fine-grained deposits of an epiclastic sandstone, siltstone, black shale/mudstone, and cherty mudstone (ca. 200m in vertical thickness), which are interpreted as the finely stratified turbidites mainly by density underflow-induced currents. Most deposits can be divided into eight facies: thin-bedded, ash-rich massive sandstone layer (mS), graded and laminated mudstone layer (glM), graded mudstone layer with ripple lamination (rM), laminated and graded siltstone layer (lgZ), finely laminated black shale layer (IBS), structureless mudstone layer (mM), thin-bedded cherty mudstone layer (lCM), and contorted and laminated mudstone layer (dlM), The thin-bedded, ash-rich sandstone facies is interpreted to be deposited from high-density turbid underflows during a relatively large flooding. Most thinly bedded mudstone facies would be deposited from low-density turbid underflows (turbidity currents) with some different hydrodynamic condition and sediment concentration during the high discharge of river water. Whereas the structureless mudstone facies may result from raining down of suspended sediment intermittently supplied by overflows and interflows. From the entire succession, graded and laminated mudstone layers interbedded with thin-bedded, ash-rich massive sandstone are dominant in the lower part of the succession, and graded mudstone layers with ripple lamination ripple lamination occur mainly in the middle part of it. On the other hand, iaminated/raded siltstone and contorted/laminated mudstone layers prevail in the upper part. The transition of facies association is suggestive of the continuous change of main depositional setting from basin plain to lower slope, which could be due to the movement of depocenter by the increase of sediment supply (volcanic activity).

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.23-33
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• 1998

This study has been carried out to design the standards of rock bolts which are recommended to be used for supporting material in Seong Ju tunnel, Under recently planned to construct. Due to the weak bedding rocks along the Tunnel, NATM supporting method is assumed to be applied and the design and calculation for rock bolts which are important material for this supporting method. Though the study, the results obtained are as follows. 1) The rocks defined s coarse sandstone, fine sandstone, medium sandstone, sandy shale and silty shale are normal rocks in strength, and black shale, greywacke and conglomerate are weak rocks in strength. 2) When the length of 3∼4meters of rock bolts are used, the distances of bolts are supposed to be 1.3∼1.8m in sandstone and 1.3∼2.0m in shale and for greywacke the distance should be 1.5m.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.12 no.1 s.15
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• pp.15-25
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• 2003

It is well known that the salt in stoneworks impact on damage of stone by various methods. Various kind of salt is detected in high content in the black surface layer of stone monuments and it is required about origin and roles of salts on blackening to considerate. In this study have been investigated the characteristics of salt in the black crust of sandstone and limestone which used in historical monuments in Berlin, Germany. Salt was analyzed for cation by Atomic Absorption and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy and for anion by ion Chromatograph. The representative ions are $Ca^{2+}\;and\;SO_4^{-2}$ in all samples and the most obvious combinations was proved in calcium sulfate by statistical methods. Because gypsum was detected by X-ray diffraction analyses in the black crusts, this calcium sulfate was confirmed by 2 hydrate type. The probable origin of Ca is air particle in atmosphere around sandstone and calcite in mother rock in limestone, and that of S is polluted air and mortar which used as conservation works.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.18 no.3E
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• pp.165-171
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• 2006

Environment-friendly materials are increasingly used as building construction materials nowadays, and the market share of those is growing. Accordingly, the research and developments in terms of environmental value are progressing steadily now. The main characteristics of environmental products are far-infrared radiation, negative-ion emission, electromagnetic wave shielding, and antimicrobial property. These products are often used in mortar and as spray on the finishing material. Nevertheless, there are hardly any research on the functional properties of concrete, the main material in construction field. Thus, we evaluated such basic properties of concrete as slump, compressive strength and air content while using such functional materials as sericite, wood-pattern sandstone, carbon black and nano-metric silver solution to focus on their functional properties like far-infrared radiation, negative ion emission, electro magnetic wave shielding, and antimicrobial activity in this research. The results indicated that the most useful material in the functional materials was carbon black. Sericite and nano-metric silver solution had a little effect on the functional property. Moreover, although wood-pattern sandstone had very high functional property, it exhibited too low compressive strength to be applied, to concrete as a factory product. Antimicrobial property of nano-metric silver solution in the concrete was not clear demonstrated, but if these specimens were to be aged in $CO_2$ gas for a long time, it might be apparent.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.19 no.spc
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• pp.103-112
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• 1986

The geology of the mine consists of Cretaceous lower andesitic breccia member, tuffaceous black shale, upper tuffaceous sandstone member and andesitic dike. Ore bodies are two parallel veins of breccia originated from hydrothermal activity of later acidic igneous intrusion. First two periods of mineralization, gold and silver, and copper, and later copper enrichment was identified. The first two might have been occurred during boiling of hydrothermal solution that formed breccia and copper enrichment was accomplished by enhancement of $CO_2$ fugacity from the organic material contained in the black shale. With all the geologic and mineralogic data and inferences attained from other investigators it was estimated that the optimum depth of the ore mineralization was between 500m and 300m below the surface of Kyong-Sang series.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

Jiaolai Basin is the Cretaceous continental sedimentary basin developed in Shandong Province of China. It is interpreted as a pull-apart basin which is filled with fluvio-lacustrine sediments and volcanic rocks. The sedimentary strata are divided into three formations: Laiyang Formation, Qingshan Formation and Wangshi Formation in ascending order. Laiyang Formation of the early Cretaceous consists of conglomerate, sandstone and shale, which are grey, black or red in color, respectively. Qingshan Formation of early Cretaceous includes various kinds of volcanic rocks. Late Cretaceous Wangshi Formation consists of red conglomerate, sandstone and shale. Various types of oil shows are observed on many outcrops in the basin such as asphalt filing fissures, oil smelling, rocks wetted with oil. However, commercial oil discovery was not made. Laiyang Formation is the richest in terms of organic matter contents. Some grey or black shales of Laiyang Formation contain more than 1% of organic matter. Kerogens of some layers mainly consist of amorphous organic matter or pollen. Thermal maturity of the organic matter reached main oil generation zone and hydrocarbon genetic potential is fairly good. According to such geochemical data, some layers of Laiyang Formation can act as hydrocarbon source rocks.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.201-215
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• 2023

In the stone-lined tombs from Cheongyang Rokpyeong-ri site, several stone-lined tombs corresponding to the Three Kingdoms Period, Unified Silla Period and Goryeo Dynasty were excavated. In this study, the stone properties of petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics from 15 stone-lined tombs were analyzed, the rock species and occupation rate were reviewed, also the provenance area was interpreted. There are five types of rocks used as members of the tombs, including black sandstone, greywacke, slate, conglomerate and gneiss. As a result of magnetic susceptibilities, the rocks of the tombs and presumed provenance are all shown in the same range, and the similarity between the tombs and the source area is high in geochemical behavior characteristics. The stone properties of the tombs are the same as the presumed provenance rocks and is distributed within a 500m around the bedrock of the tombs in the excavation site, so it seems that self-sufficiency was possible on the site without a special procurement system. These stones are interpreted to have been constructed through some trimming without any special technique, but some stone tombs have been confirmed to used homogeneous black sandstone at the bottom of the tombs, so it is believed that there were artificial selection of stones.