• 한국광물학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.66-76
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• 1999

Intergrowth texture of biotite and chlorite crystals within an amphibolitic schist of the northwestern Okchon metamorphic belt was investigated using back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). BSE images show that thin chlorite and biotite packets are mixed along (001) plane to result in intergrowth texture. In addition, rutile particles of submicron size occur exclusively at the boundaries between biotite and chlorite stacks. HRTEM investigation and remnant biotite layers are closely associated with such boundaries, suggestinga possibility that chlorite layers were formed from biotite during retrograde metamorphic reaction. Such intepretation of the origin of intergrowth texture can be further supported biotite is approximately 2 w%, and that of chlorite usually lower than 0.2 wt%. Ti was apparently leached out during the alteratin of biotite to precipitate rutile particles at the such rutile particles could be an important indicator showing that the intergrowth texture of chlorite and biotite is originated by a retrograde metamorphism rather than by incomplete chlorite-to-biotite reaction during prograde metamorphism. Biotite crystals contain intercalated chlorite layers will result in somewhat high Mg and Al, and the use of such inhomogeneous biotite will result in impreciese geothermobarometric calculations.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 1998

Weathering of biotite in Palgonsan granite was studied by using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe micro analysis. Biotite altered to biotite/vermiculite regular mixed layer mineral (B/V) in the early stage of weathering. Although partially replaced by kaolinite with the progress of weathering. B/V is the major weathering product of biotite throughout the profile. During the formation of B/V, Mg, Fe and K are removed from a biotite layer to form a vermiculite layer by about 28%, 44% and 88%, respectively, whereas the Ti content is not changed. Considerable volume increase after the kaolinitization of B/V suggests that Al and Si are largely introduced from the external weathering solution. The silicate lattice templet of a weathering biotite facilitated the nucleation and growth of kaolinite. In the Palgongsan granite weathering profile, plagioclase weathered mostly into halloysite whereas biotite greatly contributes to the kaolinite crystallization though its small content in fresh rock.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2006

본 시험은 육계 사료내 Biotite V의 첨가가 육계의 성장 능력, 영양소 소화율, 혈청 및 육내 콜레스테롤 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 총 480수의 2 일령된 Arbor Acre Broiler(male) 병아리를 공시하였고 사양시험은 5주간 실시하였다. 시험 설계는 육계 전기 사료로서 1) CON (basal diet), 2) BV200 (basal diet+200 mesh Biotite V 1.5%) 및 3) BV325 (basal diet+325 mesh Biotite V 1.5%) 를 첨가하여 제조하였다. 처리당 8반복, 반복당 20수씩 완전 임의 배치하였다. 개시시부터 1주까지의 증체량에서는 Biotite V를 첨가한 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적인 증가를 보였다(P<0.05). 전체 시험기간 동안의 증체율, 사료 섭취량과 사료효율에 있어서는 Biotite V 를 첨가한 처리구간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 건물과 질소 소화율에서는 처리구간의 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). Biotite V 첨가구에서 복강내 지방 무게, 혈청과 육내 콜레스테롤 함량이 대조구에 비해 유의적인 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 결론적으로, 육계 사료내 Biotite V의 첨가는 성장율, 영양소 소화율, 혈청 및 육내 콜레스테롤 함량에 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1147-1152
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• 2005

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Biotite V (BV) supplementation on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and fecal noxious gas content in finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of eighty pigs (initial body weight 88.0${\pm}$1.35 kg) were used in a 35-d growth trial. Pigs were blocked by weight and allotted to five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were four pigs per pen and four pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) Control (CON; basal diet), 2) 200 mesh BV1.0 (basal diet+200 mesh Biotite V 1.0%), 3) 325 mesh BV1.0 (basal diet+325 mesh Biotite V 1.0%), 4) 200 mesh BV2.0 (basal diet+200 mesh Biotite V 2.0%) and 5) 325 mesh BV2.0 (basal diet+325 mesh Biotite V 2.0%). Through the entire experimental period, there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI and gain/feed among the treatments (p>0.05). With the addition of Biotite V in diet, DM and N digestibilities were increased significantly (p<0.01). Also, Ca and P digestibilities tended to increase in pigs fed Biotite V supplemented diet (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed control diet. Supplementation of Biotite V in diet reduced the fecal $NH_3-N$ and volatile fatty acid (VFA) compared to CON treatment (p<0.01). In Exp. 2, a total of sixty four pigs (initial body weight 84.0${\pm}$1.05 kg) were used in a 35-d growth trial. Pigs were blocked by weight and allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were four pigs per pen and four pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) LP (low protein diet), 2) HP (high protein diet), 3) LP+BV (low protein diet+325 mesh Biotite V 1.0%) and 4) HP+BV (high protein diet+325 mesh Biotite V 1.0%). Through the entire experimental period, ADG and gain/feed tended to increase in HP and HP+BV treatments, however, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the treatments. With the addition of Biotite V in diets, digestibilities of nutrients (DM, N, Ca and P) were increased significantly (p<0.01). The addition of Biotite V in diets reduced the ammonia emissions in feces (p<0.01). Supplementation of Biotite V in diets also reduced the fecal propionic acid, butyric acid and acetic acid (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed diets without Biotite V. In conclusion, supplementation of Biotite V can increase nutrients digestibility and reduce fecal $NH_3-N$ and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in finishing pigs.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 1999

토양내에서 흑운모의 풍화에 의하여 방출된 칼륨이 식물 성장에 필요에 의한 중요한 영양분의 원천의 하나로 인식되어왔다. 온난기후하에서 흑운모 화강암으로부터 발달된 토양-saprolite내에서 sand 크기의 흑운모의 풍화에 대하여 편광 현미경, 전자 현미경, X-선 회절 및 electron microprobe를 이용하여 형태학적, 광물학적, 그리고 화학적인 변화를 관찰하였다. 흑운모는 풍화가 진행될수록 그 색이 흑색에서 담황색으로 변했으며, paleochroism을 점점 잃어갔으며 그리고 가장자리와 층간 모두에서 풍화가 관찰되었다. 육각형의 구멍이 풍화된 흑운모 표면에서 관찰되었으며 그 수는 풍화가 더많이 진행된 흑운모에서 더 많은 경향을 보여주었다. 흑운모는 hydrobiotite, degraded biotite, illite 같은 중간단계 광물을 거치거나 혹은 중간과정이 없이 풍화에 의하여 kaolinite로 변형되었다. 풍화된 흑운모의 화학 성분은 표층으로 올라오면서 kaolinite의 화학 성분에 근접하는 경향을 보여주었으며 Si와 Al농도는 증가하였으며 K, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ti 함량은 감소하였다.

• 암석학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 1993

We report adventages of employing MgO as a differentiation index for the Namwon granitic complex. It is shown to be much more sensitive than the usual Harker index. The complex can be divided into two groups on the basis of $TiO_2$/MgO ratio. The low $TiO_2$/MgO group consists of hornblende biotite tonalite-granodiorite, porphyritic hornblende biotite granodiorite (PHBGd) and part of biotite granite (loBG). PHBGd shows its own distinct variation in the low group. This group is characterized in most cases by the presence of hornblende, even if it occurs as a trace amount. The high $TiO_2$/MgO group consists of part of biotite granite (hiBG) and two mica granite. The major element differences between rock types are also apparent in biotite chemistry. These chemical data indicate that at least two distinct origins of magma are rquired for the complex. Two kinds of biotite granite revealed in this study show distinct geographic distribution, suggesting that a new geologic map should be made.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1666-1672
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of an alumninosilicate clay, marketed under the trade name Biotite V, to improve growing-finishing pig performance and to determine its effects on nutrient digestibility and excretion. Sixty crossbred pigs (22.3${\pm}2.7kg$, Camborough 15 Line female${\times}$Canabred sire) were assigned on the basis of sex, weight and litter to one of four dietary treatments in a $2{\times}4$ (two sexes and four treatments) factorial design experiment. The experimental diets were based on barley and soybean meal and contained 0, 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75% biotite during the growing period (22.3-60.5 kg) and 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5% biotite during the finishing period (60.5-110.3 kg). Each pig was allowed access to its own individual feeder for 30 min twice daily (07:00 and 15:00 h). Individual pig body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion were recorded weekly. The pigs were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir when they reached an average weight of 110.3 kg. Carcass weight was recorded and dressing percentage calculated. Carcass fat and lean measurements were obtained with a Destron PG 100 probe between the 3rd and 4th last ribs, 70 mm of the midline. Total tract digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy, nitrogen and phosphorus were determined using three males and three females per treatment starting at an average weight of $52.2{\pm}3.8kg$. These pigs were housed under identical conditions as those used in the growing stage and were fed the same diets modified only by the addition of 0.5% chromic oxide as a digestibility marker. Over the entire experimental period (22.3-110.3 kg), daily gain was unaffected (p>0.05) by the inclusion of biotite in the diet. There was a cubic response for feed intake (p=0.06) and a quadratic response (p=0.07) for feed conversion due to biotite. Feeding biotite produced no significant (p>0.05) linear or quadratic effects on any of the carcass traits measured. Dry matter digestibility decreased linearly (p=0.02) with increasing levels of biotite in the diet. However, digestibility coefficients for energy, nitrogen and phosphorus were unaffected (p<0.05) by biotite inclusion. Lactobacilli and enterobacteria numbers were unaffected by inclusion of biotite while Salmonella was not detected in any of the fecal samples. The overall results of this experiment indicate that biotite inclusion did not reduce fecal excretion of nitrogen or phosphorus and failed to improve nutrient digestibility. Neither growth rate nor carcass quality was improved while a modest improvement in feed conversion was observed at lower levels of inclusion. Based on the results of this experiment, it would be difficult to justify the routine inclusion of biotite in diets fed to grower-finisher pigs. Whether or not a greater response would have been obtained with pigs of a lower health status is unknown.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.183-194
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• 2002

안동화강암에 발달한 풍화단면에서 발견되는 흑운모 및 그 풍화산물을 대상으로 X-선회절분석, 화학분석, 전자현미경 관찰 등의 광물학적 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 이 지역의 흑운모는 풍화과정에서 별개의 질석이나 흑운모-질석 규칙혼합층 구조로 변질되지 않고 10$\AA$의 회절선을 보이는 산화흑운모로 풍화되었다. Fe의 산화로 발생하는 과잉 양전하는 사면체 자리의 양이온 점유율의 변화는 없이 팔면체자리로부터 16%의 Fe와 12%의 Mg, 그리고 층간에서 13%의 K가 제거되는 방식으로 해소되었다. 동시에 흑운모의 5%는 산화흑운모와 불규칙혼합층을 이루는 질석으로 변환되었다. 흑운모 풍화초기에 Fe의 산화로 야기된 약간의 화학조성 및 구조적 변화의 결과로 생성된 산화흑운모는 대부분의 풍화 구간에서 더 이상 질석으로 풍화되지 않고 안정한 상태를 유지하다가 상부에서 부분적으로 캐올리나이트로 분해된다. 흑운모가 풍부한 기반암의 지표환경에서 원소거동을 이해하기 위해서는 신선한 흑운모가 아닌 풍화저항도가 매우 큰 산화흑운모에 대한 생성원인과 용해실험이 요청된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2003

본 연구는 산란계 사료내 게르마늄 흑운모의 첨가가 난각 특성 및 분내 암모니아 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시되었다. 사양시험에 40주령 ISA brown 갈색계 144수를 이용하였으며, 옥수수-대두박 위주 대조사료 (CON), 게르마늄 흑운모 0.5％(GB0.5), 1.0％(GB1.0) 및 1.5％(GB1.5) 첨가구 등4개 처리로 구성되었다. 총 56일간의 사양시험 기간동안, 산란율과 난각강도에서는 처리간에 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 난중은 게르마늄 흑운모의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. (P<0.02). 난각두께, 난황색 및 난황계수에서는 처리구간에 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혈장내 중성지질 함량에 있어서는 게르마늄 흑운모의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다 (P<0.05). 분내 암모니아태 질소 농도는 게르마늄 흑운모의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 감소되는 경향을 보였다 (P<0.01). 또한 게르마늄 흑운모의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 분내 propionic acid (P<0.01), butyric acid (P<0.05) 그리고 acetic aicd (P<0.04)의 함량이 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 결과적으로 산란계 사료내 게르마늄 흑운모의 첨가는 분내 암모니아가스의 발생을 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1642-1645
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Biotite V supplementation on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and blood constituents and to evaluate whether Biotite V could replace an antibiotics in growing pigs diet. One hundred twenty pigs with initial body weight of 18.35${\pm}$0.15 kg were used in a 28 days growth trial. Pigs were allotted to four treatments by sex and body weight in a randomized complete block design. There were six replicate pens per treatment and five pigs per pen. Four dietary treatments were: 1) NC (basal diet without antibiotics), 2) PC (basal diet+0.1% CTC), 3) NCBV (NC diet+0.5% 200 mesh Biotite V) and 4) PCBV (PC diet+0.5% 200 mesh Biotite V). Through the entire experimental period, ADG tented to increase in NCBV and PCBV treatments compared to NC and PC treatments respectively, but no significant differences were observed (p>0.05). ADFI was slightly lower in NCBV and PCBV treatments than that in NC and PC treatments without significant differences (p>0.05). Gain/feed in PC and PCBV treatments was improved significantly compared to NC treatment (p<0.05). N and Ca digestibilities were higher in PCBV treatments than those in PC treatment (p<0.05). DM and P digestibilities were not affected by the addition of Biotite V (p>0.05). RBC, HCT, Hb, lymphocyte and monocyte were increased numerically in NCBV and PCBV treatments compared to NC and PC treatments (p>0.05). WBC was lower in treatment groups than that in NC treatment, but no significant differences were observed (p>0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Biotite V can better the gain/feed and some of the nutrients digestibilities in growing pigs. It has a possibility to replace antibiotics in swine diet.