• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 1998

Zebrafis(brachydanio rerio), red sword tail(Xiphophorus hellieri)을 이용하여 카르바메이트계 농약인 BPMC, carbaryl 및 carbofuran을 실험 농도 0.05, 0.01, 0.50 ppm 및 각 농약에 대해 측정한 96시간 $LC_{50}$ 농도의 1/100, 1/1000에서 단기간(3일, 5일, 8일) 생물농축계수(Bioconcentration factor (BCF))를 측정하였으며, 아울러 배설 속도 상수(depuration rate constant)를 구하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. BPMC와 carbaryl의 경우 sebrafish의 체내 농축정도와 BCF 값은 red sword tail보다 적었다. 실험농도가 증가할수록 어류 체내에서의농축 정도는 증가하였고, BCF값도 증가하였다. 실험 농도가 같은 경우, BPMC는 실험기간이 증가 할 수록 어류 체내에서의 농축정도와 BCF는 감소하였으며, 이것은 기간이 늘어나면서 체외로 배출되는 농약의 양이 증가하기 때문이라 생각된다. 그러나, carbaryl의 경우는 실험기간이 같은 경우, zebrafish의 0.50ppm에서는 BCF가, 농도가 높을수록 증가하는 경향과는 달리 BCF가 감소하였다. Carbofuran의 경우, 실험 전 기간동안 zebrafish 체내에서 carbofuran이 검출되지 않았으며, red sword tail의 96시간 LC50의 1/1000과 1/100 농도에서는 검출한계 미만으로 BCF값을 산출할 수 없었으며, 실험농도 0.05와 0.10ppm에서, 실험 기간에 따른 어류체내 농축정도와 BCF값은 BPMC, carbaryl과 같은 경향을 나타내고 있다. 아울러, 이들 농약의 배설속도 상수는 carbofuran, carbaryl, BPMCtns으로 높게 나타났다. Carbofuran의 어류 체내 농축정도와 BCF값이 carbaryl과 BPMC보다 상대적으로 낮은 이유는 carbofuran의 수용성과 배설속도 상수가 이들 농약에 비해 상대적으로 크기 때문이며, 이로 인해 실제 환경 중에서도 생물농축효과가 현저히 작을 것으로 예측된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2001

Zebrafish(Brachdanio rerio)를 실험어류로 하여 methidathion 과 phosalone의 생물농축계수(bioconcentration factor : BCF)와 배설속도상수 (depuration rate constant) 및 LC$_{50}$를 측정하였다. Methidathion의 24, 48, 72, 96시간 LC$_{50}$는 각각 28.34, 35.98, 24.43, 22.03 mg/$\ell$로 측정되었다. Methidathion 0.22 mg/$\ell$(고농도)와 0.022 mg/$\ell$(저농도)에서 어류 체내에서의 농축정도는 두 농도군에서 각각 12시간 이후에 정류상태에 도달하여 72시간동안 거의 일정하였고, BCF값도 12시간에서 72시간 사이에 고농도와 저농도에서 8.72(n=4)와 11.25(n=4)로 조사되었다. 배설속도상수는 고농도와 저농도에서 6시간 이내에 모두 배설되어 배설속도상수를 구할 수 없었다. Phosalone의 24, 48, 72, 96시간 LC$_{50}$는 각각 3.76, 2.43, 1.86, 1.05 mg/$\ell$로 측정되었다. Zebrafish 체내에서의 농축정도와 BCF값은 고농도(0.01 mg/$\ell$)에서 12시간 이후에 정류상태에 도달하여 72시간동안 거의 일정하였고, BCF값은 12시간에서 72시간 사이에 48.88(n=4)로 측정되었다. 저농도(0.001 mg/$\ell$)에서는 실험 전기간동안 zebrafish 체내에서 phosalone이 검출되지 않아 BCF값을 산출할 수 없었다. Zebrafish 체내에서 phosalone(고농도)의 배설속도상수와 반감기를 구하기 위하여 6,12시간의 배설실험 결과 각각 0.17$hr^{-1}$과 4.01 시간이었다. Methidathion과 phosalone의 BCF값은 phosalone이 methidathion 보다 약 5배 정도 높게 나타났으며, 농약의 배설속도는 phosalone이 methidathion보다 빨랐다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.27-35
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• 1995

In order to investigate acute toxicity and bioconcentration of heavy metals for a freshwater fish, the fish used in this experiment was goldfish, Carassius auratus. Each ten goldfish was accommonidated in a water and was treated with different concentration of Pb and Cu compound. The 24 $hr-LC_{50}$ was obtained by plotting on the log-normal distribution graph. Furthermore, the combined effect of Pb and Cu was also investigated the fish was treated with Pb or Cu compound only, and Pb and Cu compound together, respectively. These results were summarized as follows: 1. The 24 $hr-LC_{50}'s$ of Pb and Cu were 7.48 mg/l and 0.666 mg/l, respectively. 2. When single or/and combined treatment with Pb(7.0 mg/l) or/and Cu(0.6 mg/l) to Carassius auratus for 24 hours were performed, there was significant difference between the single or/and the combined treatment in their bioaccumulated Cu concentrations. Cu concentrations in goldfish were higher in the combined treatment than in the single treatment. 3. When Carassius auratus was exposed to 0.748 mg/l (1/10 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) and 1.496 mg/l of Pb (1/5 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) for 7 days, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 79.14 and 100.11 for Pb, respectively. The BCF of Pb was obtained as a linearity according to the concentration and exposure time as follows log BCF=1.014 log $P\cdot T$+1.011 ($r^2$=0.9041) where, P: pollutant concentration(mg/l) T: exposure time(day) 4. When Carassius auratus was pxposed to 0.0666 mg/l (1/10 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) and 0.1332 mg/l of Cu (1/5 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) for 7 days, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 55.42 and 63.24 for Cu respectively. The BCF of Cu was obtained as a linearity according to the concentration and exposure time as follows log BCF=0.571 log $P\cdot T$+1.823 ($r^2$=0.8974) where, P: polutant concentration(mg/l) T: exposure time(day)

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.108-118
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the bioconcentration of IBP, methidathion and piperophos. The BCFs(bioconcentration factor), depuration rate constants for three pesticides in zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio) were measured by OECD guideline 305. The concentration of test pesicides were one-hundredth and one-thousandth concentration of 96-hrs L $C_{50}$ in accordance with OECD guideline 305. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The average BCF values of IBP were 5.31(n=4) and 7.30(n=4) at one-hundredth and one-thousandth concentration of 96-hrs L $C_{50}$ . The average BCF values of methidathion were 8.72(n=4) and 11.25(n=4), the average BCF values of piperophos were 34.30(n=4) and 42.60(n=4). Depuration rate constants of IBP were 0.09( $h^{-1}$ ) and 0.08( $h^{-1}$ ), half-life of IBP were 7.70 and 8.66 at each tested concentration. The concentrations of IBP in zebrafish at low and high concentrations rapidly decreased after 12(0.243$\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and 12 hours(0.040$\mu\textrm{g}$/g). Depuration rate constants of methidathion were 0.40( $h^{-1}$ ), half-life of methidathion were 1.73 at one-hunderdth and of 96-hrs L $C_{50}$ , repectively. The concentrations of methidathion in zebrafish at high concentrations rapidly decreased after 6 hours(0.18 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g). Depuration rate constant of low concentration was no measured because methidathion in zebrafish was depurated in 6 hours. Depuration rate constants of piperophos sere 0.15( $h^{-1}$ ) and 0.44( $h^{-1}$ ), half-life of piperophos were 4.62 and 1.58 at each tested concentration. The concentrations of piperophos in zebrafish at los and high concentrations rapidly decreased after 12(0.26$\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and 6 hours(0.015 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g). It was suggested that high BCF of piperophos was due to high Kow(octanol-water partition coefficient). The possibility of bioconcenration was not likely to be high because of its $K_{DEP}$(depuration rate constant) in the evniroment. It was suggested that low BCF of methidathion showed lowest Kow as well as the most rapid $K_{DEP}$. Therefore, the possibility of bioconcentration was not occured in the enviroment. It was suggested that the BCF dtermined for IBP was lower than that of other pesticides due to high Sw(water solubility), show $K_{DEP}$. Therefore, IBP revealed little bioconcentration effect on in aquatic ecosystem.ystem.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.38-47
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• 1995

The Bioconcentration factor (BCF) is used as an important criterion in the risk assessment of environmental contaminants. Also it can be used as indicator of biomagnification of environmentally hazardous chemicals through food-chain as well as a tool for ranking the bioconcentration potential of the chemicals in the environment. This paper reports the measured BCF value on Chlorothalonil in Carassius auratus(goldfish), under steady state, and examined correlation between the BCF value and the partition coefficient or acute toxicity or physicochemical properties. Carassius auratus(goldfish) was chosen as test organism and test period were 3-day, 5-day. Experimental concentrations were 0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 ppm. Chlorothalonil in fish tissue and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detecting and quantitating of Chlorothalonil. Partition coefficient was determined by stir-flask method. $LC_{50}$ was determined on Chlorothalonil. Carbaryl and BPMC. The obtained results were as follows. 1. It was possible to determine short term BCFs of Chlorothalonil through relatively simple procedure in environmental concentrations. 2. $BF_3$ of Chlorothalonil in concentration of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 ppm were 2.1866$\pm$0.23446, 3.5269$\pm$0.23517, 10.2045$\pm$0.18053 and BCFs were 6.6543$\pm$0.55257, 6.9774$\pm$0.02500, 23.4576$\pm$2.06884, respectively. 3. Chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCFs of Chlorothalonil were increased as increasing test concentration and prolonging test period. 4. Fate of test-water concentration on Chlorothalonil was greater than that of control-water con-centration. It is considered that greater fate of test-water concentration on Chlorothalonil is due to hydrolyzing nitrile group under the mild condition and substituting chloro group by some aromatic compounds in test water. 5. Determined logP of Chlorothalonil was 2.80. And determined $LC_{50}$ of Chlorothalonil in time of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr were 0.1684, 0.1402, 0.1400, 0.1352(mg/l) respectively. And $LC_{50}$ of Carbaryl in above times were 19.918, 18.635, 18.466, 18.12(mg/l) respectively. $LC_{50}$ of BPMC were 10.248, 9.166, 9.087, 8.921(mg/l) respectively. 6. It is suggested that the BCF of Carbamates depend on partition coefficients. But BCF of Chlorothalonil, organochlorine pesticide, would be strongly influenced by steric, electronic effect of substituents than partition coefficient.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.72-82
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of co-existence of BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil on the short-term bioconcentration factor in Carassius auratus(goldfish). The fishes were exposed to the combined treatment of BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil (0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm) for 3 and 5 days, respectively. BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil in fish and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detect and quantitate BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil. 3-day and 5-day bioconcentration factors(BCF$_3$ and BCF$_5$) of each pesticide were calculated from the quantitation results. The depuration rate of each pesticide-from the whole body of fish was determined over the 72-h period after combined treatment.The results were as follows: BCF$_3$ values of BPMC were 4.163, 4.011, 4.122, 4.750 and 4.842 when the concentration of BPMC+ carbaryl+chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm and 0.10 ppm+ 0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm. BCF$_5$ values of BPMC were 3.465, 3.270, 3.472, 3.162, 4.227 and 4.157, respectively, under the above conditions. While BCF$_3$ values of carbaryl were 4.583, 4.642, 4.571, 3. 637 and 3.529, respectively, and BCF$_5$ values of carbaryl were 3.932, 3.797, 3.843, 4.293 and 4.132, respectively, under the conditions. While BCF$_3$ values of chlorothalonil were 2.024, 3.532, 2.213, 2.157 and 2.271, respectively, and BCF$_5$ of chlorothalonil were 6.712, 7.013, 6.457, 6.694 and 6.597, respectively, under the conditions. Depuration rate constants of BPMC were 0.019, 0.018, 0.020, 0.022 and 0.021 when the concentration of BPMC+carbaryl+chlorothalonil in combined treatment were the same as above. And depuration rate constants of carbaryl were 0.030, 0.029, 0.030, 0.029 and 0.031, respectively, under the same condition of pesticide mixtures. While depuration rate constants of chlorothalonil were 0.004, 0.004, 0.003, 0.004 and 0.003, respectively, under the same condition. It was observed that no significant differences of BCFs and concentrations of the compounds in fish extracts, test water between combined treatment and single treatment. It was considered that no appreciable interaction at experimental concentrations was due to low concentrations, near environmental level, 0.005-0.1 ppm. Coexistence of BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil had no effect on depuration rate of each pesticide and depuration rate of chlorothalonil was investigated 1/8 and 1/6 slower than those of carbaryl and BPMC in combined treatment. It is similar result in comparison with single treatment. Therefore, it is considered that the persistence of chlorothalonil in fish body would be higher than those of carbaryl and BPMC.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.64-71
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of co-existence of carbofuran and chlorothalonil on the short-term bioconcentration factor in Brachydanio rerio(zebrafish). The fishes were exposed to the single and combined treatment of carbofuran and chlorothalonil for 1, 3 and 5 days. Experimental concentrations of carbofuran were 0.05 and 0.10 ppm under the single treatment. And those of chlorothalonil were 0.005 and 0.010 ppm. Experimental concentrations of the combined treatment of carbofuran and chlorothalonil were 0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm for 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. Carbofuran and chlorothalonil in fish and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detect and quantitate carbofuran and chlorothalonil. 1-day, 3-day and 5-day bioconcentration factors(BCF$_1$, BCF$_3$ and BCF$_5$) of each pesticide were obtained from the quantitation results. The depuration rate of each pesticide was determined over the 24-h period after combined treatment. The results were as follows: Carbofuran did not bioaccumulate in zebrafish under the single and combined treatment for testing periods. BCF$_1$ values of chlorothalonil in concentration of 0.005 and 0.010 ppm under the single treatment were 0.508, 0.621, BCF$_3$ were 1.327, 1.511 and BCF$_5$ were 1.331, 1.597, respectively. BCF$_1$ values of chlorothalonil were 0.512, 0.520 and 0.619, respectively, when the concentration of carbofuran and chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05+0.005, 0.05+0.010 and 0.10+0.005 ppm. BCF$_3$ values of chlorothalonil 1.341, 1.338 and 1.513, respectively, and BCF$_5$ values of chlorothalonil were 1.332, 1.327 and 1.521, respectively, under the above combined treatment. Depuration rate constants of chlorothalonil in concentration of 0.005 and 0.010 ppm under the single treatment were 0.011 and 0.012. Depuration rate constants of chlorothalonil were 0.011, 0.010 and 0.011, when the concentration of carbofuran and chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05+0.005, 0.05+0.010 and 0.10+0.005 ppm. It was observed that no significant difference of carbofuran and chlorothalonil concentration in fish extracts, test water, BCFs and depuration rate constants of carbofuran and chlorothalonil between combined treatment and single treatment. It was considered that no appreciable interaction at experimental concentrations due to lower concentrations than LC$_{50}$. It is suggested that the difference of BCFs between carbofuran and chlorothalonil due to those of fat composition of fish and solubility of carbofuran and chlorothaionil.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.16-24
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of co-existence of carbaryl and chlorothalonil on the short-term bioconcentration factor in Carassius auratus(goldfish). The fishes were exposed to the combined treatment of carbaryl and chlorothalonil(0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm) for 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. Carbaryl and chlorothalonil in fish and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detect and quantitate carbaryl and chlorothalonil. 1-day, 3-day and 5-day bioconcentration factors($BCF_1, BCF_3$ and $BCF_5$) of each pesticide were calculated from the quantitation results. The depuration rate of each pesticide from the whole body of fish was determined over the 72-h period after combined treatment. The results were as follows: $BCF_1$ values of carbaryl were 3.521, 3.802 and 3.587, respectively, when the concentration of carbaryl and chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05+0.005, 0.05+0.010 and 0.10+0.005 ppm. BCF3 values of carbaryl were 4.825, 4.556 and 3.828, respectively, and $BCF_5$ values of carbaryl were 3.974, 3.921 and 4.186, respectively, under the conditions. While $BCF_1$ of chlorothalonil were 0.829, 0.829 and 1.540, respectively, under the same condition of pesticide concentrations $BCF_3$ of chlorothalonil were 2.040, 2.208 and 3.633, respectively, and $BCF_5$ of chlorothalonil were 6.222, 6.667 and 7.095, respectively, under the conditions. Depuration rate constants of carbaryl were 0.022, 0.022 and 0.152, respectively, when the concentration of carbaryl and chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05+0.005, 0.05+0.010 and 0.10+0.005 ppm. While depuration rate constants of chlorothalonil were 0.004, 0.004 and 0.006, respectively, under the same condition of pesticide concentrations. It was observed that no significant differences of carbaryl and chlorothalonil concentration in fish extracts, test water and $BCF_s$ of carbaryl and chlorothalonil between combined treatment and single treatment. It was considered that no appreciable interaction at experimental concentrations was due to low concentrations, 0.005~0.1 ppm. Co-existence of carbaryl and chlorothalonil had no effect on excretion of each pesticide and depuration rate of chlorothalonil was investigated 1/8 slower than that of carbaryl in combined treatment. Therefore, it is considered that the persistence of chlorothalonil in fish body would be higher than that of carbaryl.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.99-106
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the bioconcentration of dichlorvos, methidathion and phosalone in zebrafish (brachydanio rerio), red sword tail(Xiphophorus hellieri). The fishes were exposed to 0.05 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.50 ppm, one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ and one-thousandth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ and test periods were 3, 5 and 8 days. The deputation rate of each pesticide from the whole body of fish was determined over the 24-hr period after treatment. Obtained results are summerized as follows: In the case of dichlorvos, dichlorvos concentration in zebrafish extract and BCF$_{s}$ of dichlorvos were increased as increasing test concentration. In the case of same experimental concentrations, dichlorvos concentration in zebrafish extract and BCF$_{s}$ of dichlorvos were decreased as proloning test periods, especially dropped after 5days. Dichlorvos concentration in red sword tail extract were increased as increasing test concentration, lyat BCF$_{s}$ in concentration of 0.05 ppm, 0.01 ppm and one-hundredth of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ were decreased. Methidathion and phosalone concentration in zebrafish extract in zebrafish extract were increased as increasing test concentration, but there was little difference in BCF$_{s}$. In the case of same experimental concentrations, there were little differences in BCF$_{s}$ and concentration in zebrafish extract. In the case of red sword tail, it was impossible to calculate on BCF$_{s}$ data because test concentration was under the detecting limit on GC or test fish were die. Determined deputation rate conatant were highest on dichlorvos, and followed by methidathion, and phosalone. The results of determining depuration rate of these pesticides showed that the high BCF in fish might be due to the slow depuration rate in fish, it is thought to be responsible for vapor pressure, water solubility and partition coefficient. It is suggested that one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ will be proper test concentration because one-thousundth of LC$_{50}$ was under the detecting limit on GC. Dichlorvos, methidathion and phosalone, organophosphorous pesticides, were examined to their BCF$_{s}$ and depuration rates by means of fish test.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.229-240
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• 2010

During the last decade, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have gained more attention due to their toxicity and global distribution. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution and bioaccumulation of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic wildlife effected from a sewage treatment plant. The concentrations of 12 PFCs were determined in water, sediment and fish samples. PFOS were predominantly detected in both ambient environment and fish. In fish, the concentration of PFCs in blood was the highest (i.e., 112.47 ng/mL wet-wt. PFOS) in comparison to other tissues. However, PFOA and PFHpS were highly detected in gonad as 3.87 and 4.58 ng/g wet-wt., respectively. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of PFCs was greatest in the blood > liver${\cong}$gonad > kidney > gill, and lowest in the muscle tissue. The BCFs of PFUnDA (39,000), PFDA (2,700) and PFOS (1,100) were rated as high values based on wet weight concentration. BCFs increased with increasing the length of the perfluoralkyl chain.