• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2000

Biocides, or non-agricultural pesticides, are a broad class of chemical. They are including biological agents used to disinfect/sanitize, pesticides for non-agricultural use, wood preservatives, antifoulants, etc. Since the early 1980s, many adverse effects of biocides to human health and ecosystem have been found in the world. Especially, antifouling biocide like TBT caused serious toxic effects on the marine organisms. Therefore, OECD began to work on biocides in mid 1996 to help Member countries co-operate in the assessment and registration of these products. EU also announced the Biocidal Products Directive (BPD, 98/8/EC) in 1998 to harmonize regulatory approaches to allow EU countries to conduct evaluations of biocides more efficiently. Korea just start to consider of biocides regulation. Some biocides products are regulated, but not all the biocides which are using in Korea. Therefore, we need to make a appropriate regulation for the all biocides categories. In addition, there are necessary to develop risk assessment tools, to survey the use pattern and amount, to research on the ecosystem contamination by the biocides .

• 보존과학회지
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• 제21권
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• pp.73-88
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• 2007

석조문화재 강화제로 사용되는 에틸실리케이트 강화제 2종과 살생물제 5종을 순서를 달리하며 반응시켜 보존처리제들간의 상호반응성에 대해 연구하였다. 반응생성물의 조직, 무게와 겔형성시간을 통해 살생물제 단독의 반응성, 강화제와 살생물제의 동시반응성, 증발된 살생물제와 강화제의 반응성과 형성된 겔과 살생물제의 반응이 평가되었다. 시험한 일부 살생물제는 건조 후 염결정을 형성하였으며, 일부 살생물제는 증발시간이 매우 길고, 색을 띠어 살생물제와 반응할 에틸실리케이트 강화제와는 상이한 성질을 보였다. 시험된 강화제와 살생물제 간에는 처리의 전후에 관계없이 상호반응이 일어났다. 에틸실리케이트 강화제와 살생물제를 동시에 반응시켰을 때 살생물제가 함유하고 있는 수분으로 인하여 수분과 강화제와의 반응, 살생물제의 염성분과 강화제와의 반응을 일으킴으로서 살생물제는 겔형성을 저지시키는 결과를 보였다. 건조된 살생물제와 반응시킨 에틸실리케이트는 겔만이 형성된 투명한 층과 살생물제가 섞인 혼합층으로의 분리가 발생하였으며, 서로 다른 수축율 때문에 생성물 내에 남은 균열이 발생되고 결과적으로는 강화제로서의 역할을 하지 못하였다. 형성된 겔과 가스상의 살생물제와의 반응께서는 겔의 조직이나 색의 변화가 관찰되지 않았다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.113-121
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• 1982

The effects of 6 biocides on the growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardii in pure culture were studied. For the batch culture assay of biocides, the growth rate in control tubes should be compared with in the test tubes and the effective concentration calculated on the basis of the percent decrease in growth rate at the different toxicant concentration. The concentrations at which 50% decrease in growth rate was observed are $40{\mu}g$/l for butachlor and $350{\mu}g$/l for alachlor in herbicide, $900{\mu}g$/l for phenazine-5-oxide and $3,400{\mu}g$/l for isoprothiolane in fungicide, and $3,330{\mu}g$/l for fenthion and $332,500{\mu}g$/l for trichlorfon in insecticide. The inhibitory effect on the growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardii by the treatment of various biocide concentrations was decreased in order of herbicide>fungicide>insecticide. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content per cell were increased, whereas chlorophyll a/b ratio was hardly affected by biocides. The effects of biocides on pigment content were also decreased in order of herbicide>fungicide>insecticide, which suggested the relationship between the effect of biocides on the pigment content and inhibition of growth rate.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.425-434
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• 1994

After two highly weathered soils were treated with glucose, ammonium nitrate, monobasic potassium phosphate and biocides, and incubated for 4 or 6 weeks, adsorption tests were carried out to determine their effect on P adsorption. Glucose addition generally decreased P adsorption. The addition stimulated microbial activity, which might contribure to the reduced adsorption, probably through chelation and anion competition. Consistent endency was not observed with N treatment. Addition of P initially decreased P adsorption, probably through blockage of adsorption sites. Biocides generally decreased adsorption, probably because the microbes that 몬 been killed. Soil 1 with naturally lower levels of C and higher levels of aluminium adsorbed more P than soil 2. These results suggest that in highly weathered soils, which are low in available P and high in exchangeable Al, cultivation techniques which increase soil organic matter will also result in higher levels of plant-available P.

• 분석과학
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2015

토양 중 음이온 바이오사이드인 chlorite, chlorate, cyanuric acid와 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Na-DBS)의 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 동시 분석방법을 개발하였다. Chlorite와 chlorate는 물로 추출하였으며, cyanuric acid와 Na-DBS는 0.25 mM ammonium formate를 함유한 20 mM formic acid와 acetonitrile (1:1) 이동상을 이용하여 추출하였다. 추출물은 필터 후 직접 LC-MS/MS로 주입하였다. 분석물질이 검출되지 않는 토양에 각 성분들을 첨가한 후 정도관리를 실시한 결과 검출한계는 chlorite 0.04 mg/kg, chlorate 0.04 mg/kg, cyanuric acid 0.27 mg/kg 그리고 Na-DBS의 경우는 0.05 mg/kg 이었다. 이 방법을 사용하여 우리나라 AI로 소독제를 많이 사용한 장소 40개 지역과 사용하지 않은 지역 10개 대조 지역의 토양을 분석한 결과 대조지역을 포함한 모든 조사지역에서 네 가지 음이온 모두 검출되지 않았다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2018

The aims of this study were to determine the corrosion behavior of pure copper in the presence of Desulfovibrio sp. and also to investigate the effects of glutaraldehyde (GD) and isothiazolinone (ISO) on the corrosion behavior of pure copper in the presence of this sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) strain by using electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical measurements of pure copper were carried out at specified time intervals (0, 8, 24, 48, and 96 hr) over a period of exposure. Corrosion rates of pure copper from anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes and corrosion potential ($E_{corr}$) were determined. Biofilm and corrosion products on the copper surfaces were observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS) analyses. The effects of solution types (PC (Postgate's C medium) and SRB (Desulfovibrio sp.)) and exposure times of copper and biocides (ISO or GD) on the corrosion rates of pure copper were evaluated by statistical analyses. As a result of the FESEM analysis, biofilm formation was observed on the surfaces of pure copper exposed to the Desulfovibrio sp. cultures both with and without the biocides. The results show that the pure copper was corroded by Desulfovibrio sp. However, the addition of GD or ISO to the Desulfovibrio sp. culture resulted in a decrease in the corrosion rate of the pure copper. It was also observed that both of the biocides showed a similar effect on pure copper's corrosion rate caused by Desulfovibrio sp.

• 분석과학
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2022

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method was developed for determining 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT), 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamic acid (IPBC) and benzoic acid (BA) in household products. A 0.5 g sample was placed in a test tube and dissolved with 5 mL water, 5 mL methylene chloride and 1.0 mL methanol. The solution was extracted by ultra-sonication followed by mechanical shaking using the salting out effect. Under the established condition, the lowest quantification limits of all analytes were in the range of 0.04-10 mg/kg and their relative standard deviations were less than 8.0 %. The method was used to analyze 10 household products. As a result of analyzing 10 household products, MIT was detected in the range of 1.2-3.5 mg/kg in 3 of 10 samples, CMIT was detected in the range of 2.6-8.2 mg/kg in 3 of 10 samples, and BA was detected in the range of 5.0-15 mg/kg in 4 of 10 samples. Meanwhile, BIT and IPBC were not detected in any of the products. It has been shown that this method can be used for the simultaneous determination of biocides with various physical and chemical properties in household products.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2006

Strong oxidizing biocides are commonly used to control biofilm formation in alkaline papermaking systems. However, paper streams contain many substances that react with or consume oxidizers (e.g., fiber and starch, Therefore, to achieve effective microbiological control, the oxidizer must be overfed to overcome the effect of these substances. When dosed in this manner, the oxidizer can cause many unwanted reactions and adverse side effects, including the consumption of costly papermaking additives increased corrosion rates, and reduced felt life. Some oxidizers also contribute to the formation of halogenated organic compounds. When used for biofilm control, strong oxidizers can cause more problems than they remedy. A patented biocide that effectively controls biofilm without the adverse side effects associated with strong oxidizing biocides is available from Hercules. $Spectrum^{(R)}$ XD3899 Ammonium Bromide Technology, which can be described as a mild oxidizer, is currently used on more than 300 machines globally and has resulted in numerous production and/or machine efficiency records since its introduction in 2001.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.166-172
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• 2023

The utilization of methyl 2-aminobenzoate as a biocide and pesticide has raised concerns regarding its potential toxicity. To assess its safety, it is crucial to determine its quantity and related toxicity using reference materials (RMs) or certified reference materials (CRMs). As an RM and CRM containing methyl 2-aminobenzoate within a biocidal product matrix is currently unavailable, this study aimed to produce a high-quality RM containing methyl 2-aminobenzoate, ensuring its homogeneity and stability, following the ISO Guide 35 and ISO 17034. The study determined that the produced RM exhibited homogeneity, as indicated by a calculated F-value (1.91) smaller than the critical F-value (3.02). In the assessment of isochronous short-term stability, the slope of the linear regression for the RM showed no statistically significant difference from zero when stored at temperatures of 4, 18, and 60 ℃ for 4 weeks. Regarding classical long-term stability, the RM demonstrated sustained stability over the course of one year when stored at 4 ℃. This study has successfully developed an RM for monitoring methyl 2-aminobenzoate in biocides and pesticides. Its quality underwent rigorous evaluation, confirming both homogeneity and stability.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.166-174
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• 2012

Introduction: After 17 years since the first production of humidifier disinfectants in Korea, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) announced that the odds ratio of lung injury related with humidifier disinfectant usage was 47.3 (95% confidence interval 6.0-369.7) according to a case-control study with 18 adult cases, including 8 pregnant women at a university hospital in Seoul. Results: From September 2011 to April 2012, one-hundred and seventy four victim cases have been reported to an environmental non-governmental group (NGO). We summarized timetable of humidifier disinfectants accidents, analyzed health outcomes (death, lung or lung and heart transplantation, pulmonary disease) of reported victims, and classified some information for humidifier disinfectants with health outcomes, and government action for this accident. Among the victims, number of death cases are 52 (30.0%), including 26 babies less than 3 years old. Sixty-nine victims come from twenty-seven family with 2 to 4 members per family. About twenty types of humidifier disinfectant products and about 600,000 product items a year have been sold. Fifty-two death cases used 7 different types of disinfectant products, including imported goods and some private brands of well-known supermarkets. KCDC confirmed inhalation toxicity of 6 products through an animal experimental test, and based on this observation recalled disinfectants containing PHMG (polyhexamethylene guanidine) and PGH (Oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidinium chloride). Discussions: The use of these biocides involved highly fatal consequences among biologically vulnerable victims, such as pregnant women, several family member victims after semi-acute exposure. This is the first biocide disaster in Korea with non-specific targets, and unknown scale of victims, warranting concerns on use of biocides in the living environment. Conclusions: Special administrative agency for chemical safety and compensation act for environmental health victims are needed to prevent similar problems.